Major General Lafayette McLaws - American Civil War

Major General Lafayette McLaws - American Civil War Lafayette McLaws - Early Life Career: Born in Augusta, GA on January 15, 1821, Lafayette McLaws was the son of James and Elizabeth McLaws.   Named for the Marquis de Lafayette, he disliked his name which was pronounced LaFet in his native state.   While receiving his early education at Augustas Richmond Academy, McLaws was schoolmates with his future commander, James Longstreet.   When he turned sixteen in 1837, Judge John P. King recommended that McLaws be appointed to the US Military Academy.   While accepted for an appointment, it was deferred a year until Georgia had a vacancy to fill.   As a result, McLaws elected to attend the University of Virginia for a year.   Leaving Charlottesville in 1838, he entered West Point on July 1. While at the academy, McLaws classmates included Longstreet, John Newton, William Rosecrans, John Pope, Abner Doubleday, Daniel H. Hill, and Earl Van Dorn.   Struggling as student, he graduated in 1842 ranked forty-eighth in a class of fifty-six.   Commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant on July 21, McLaws received an assignment to the 6th US Infantry at Fort Gibson in the Indian Territory.   Promoted to second lieutenant two years later, he moved to the 7th US Infantry.   In late 1845, his regiment joined Brigadier General Zachary Taylors Army of Occupation in Texas.   The following March, McLaws and the army shifted south to the Rio Grande opposite the Mexican town of Matamoros.  Ã‚   Lafayette McLaws - Mexican-American War: Arriving in late March, Taylor ordered the construction of Fort Texas along the river before moving the bulk of his command to Point Isabel.   The 7th Infantry, with Major Jacob Brown in command, was left to garrison the fort.   In late April, American and Mexican forces first clashed beginning the Mexican-American War.   On May 3, Mexican troops opened fire on Fort Texas and commenced a siege of the post.   Over the next few days, Taylor won victories at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma before relieving the garrison.   Having endured the siege, McLaws and his regiment remained in place through the summer before taking part the Battle of Monterrey that September.   Suffering from ill health, he was placed on the sick list from December 1846 into February 1847.    Promoted to first lieutenant on February 16, McLaws played a role in the Siege of Veracruz the following month.   Continuing to have health issues, he was then ordered north to New York to for recruiting duty.   Active in this role through the rest of the year, McLaws returned to Mexico in early 1848 after making several requests to rejoin his unit.   Ordered home in June, his regiment moved to Jefferson Barracks in Missouri.   While there, he met and married Taylors niece Emily.   Promoted to captain in 1851, the next decade saw McLaws move through a variety of posts on the frontier. Lafayette McLaws - The Civil War Begins: With the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter and start of the Civil War in April 1861, McLaws resigned from the US Army and accepted a commission as a major in the Confederate service.   In June, he became colonel of the 10th Georgia Infantry and his men were assigned to the Peninsula in Virginia.   Aiding to construct defenses in this area, McLaws greatly impressed Brigadier General John Magruder.   This led to a promotion to brigadier general on September 25 and command of a division later that fall.   In the spring, Magruders position came under attack when Major General George B. McClellan commenced his Peninsula Campaign.   Performing well during the Siege of Yorktown, McLaws earned a promotion to major general effective May 23.   Ã‚      Lafayette McLaws - Army of Northern Virginia: As the season progressed, McLaws saw further action as General Robert E. Lee commenced a counter-offensive which resulted in the Seven Days Battles.   During the campaign, his division contributed to the Confederate victory at Savages Station but was repelled at Malvern Hill.   With McClellan checked on the Peninsula, Lee reorganized the army and assigned McLaws division to Longstreets corps.   When the Army of Northern Virginia moved north in August, McLaws and his men remained on the Peninsula to watch Union forces there.   Ordered north in September, the division operated under Lees control and assisted Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons capture of Harpers Ferry.       Ordered to Sharpsburg, McLaws earned Lees ire by moving slowly as the army re-concentrated prior to the Battle of Antietam.   Reaching the field, the division aided in holding the West Woods against Union attacks.   In December, McLaws regained Lees respect when his division and the rest of Longstreets corps resolutely defended Maryes Heights during the Battle of Fredericksburg.   This recovery proved short-lived as he was tasked with checking Major General John Sedgwicks VI Corps during the final stages of the Battle of Chancellorsville.   Facing the Union force with his division and that of Major General Jubal A. Early, he again moved slowly and lacked aggressiveness in dealing with the enemy.    This was noted by Lee, who when he reorganized the army after Jacksons death, declined Longstreets recommendation that McLaws receive command of one of the two newly-created corps.   Though a reliable officer, McLaws functioned best when given direct commands under close supervision.   Upset by perceived favoritism to officers from Virginia, he requested a transfer which was refused.   Marching north that summer, McLaws men arrived at the Battle of Gettysburg early on July 2.   After several delays, his men attacked Brigadier General Andrew A. Humphreys and Major General David Birneys divisions of Major General Daniel Sickles III Corps.   Under the personal supervision of Longstreet, McLaws pushed Union forces back capturing the Peach Orchard and beginning a back and forth struggle for the Wheatfield.   Unable to break through, the division fell back to defensible positions that evening.   The next day, McLaws remained in place as Picketts Charge was defeated to the nor th.          Lafayette McLaws - In the West:    On September 9, the bulk of Longstreets corps was ordered west to aid General Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee in northern Georgia.   Though he had not yet arrived, the lead elements of McLaws division saw action during the Battle of Chickamauga under the guidance of Brigadier General Joseph B. Kershaw.   Reassuming command after the Confederate victory, McLaws and his men initially took part in siege operations outside of Chattanooga before moving north later in the fall as part of Longstreets Knoxville Campaign.   Attacking the citys defenses on November 29, McLaws division was baldy repelled.   In the wake of the defeat, Longstreet relieved him but elected not to court-martial him as he believed McLaws might be useful to the Confederate Army in another position. Irate, McLaws requested a court-martial to clear his name.   This was granted and commenced in February 1864.   Due to delays in obtaining witnesses, a ruling was not issued until May.   This found McLaws not guilty on two charges of neglect of duty but guilty on a third.   Though sentenced to sixty days without pay and command, the punishment was immediately suspended due to wartime needs.   On May 18, McLaws received orders for the defenses of Savannah in the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.   Though he argued that he was being scapegoated for Longstreets failure at Knoxville, he accepted this new assignment. While in Savannah, McLaws new division unsuccessfully resisted Major General William T. Shermans men that fall at the conclusion of the March to the Sea.   Retreating north, his men saw continued action during the Carolinas Campaign and took part in the Battle of Averasborough on March 16, 1865.   Lightly engaged at Bentonville three days later, McLaws lost his command when General Joseph E. Johnston reorganized Confederate forces after the battle.   Sent to lead the District of Georgia, he was in that role when the war ended. Lafayette McLaws - Later Life: Staying in Georgia, McLaws entered the insurance business and later served as a tax collector.   Engaged in Confederate veterans groups, he initially defended Longstreet against those, such as Early, who attempted to blame the defeat at Gettysburg on him.   During this time, McLaws did reconcile to some degree with his former commander who admitted that relieving him was a mistake.   Late in his life, resentment towards Longstreet resurfaced and he began to side with Longstreets detractors.   McLaws died in Savannah on July 24, 1897, and was buried in the citys Laurel Grove Cemetery.  Ã‚   Selected Sources Gettysburg Generals: Major General Lafayette McLawsCivil War: Major General Lafayette McLawsLatin Library: Major General Lafayette McLaws

Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay Example

Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay Example Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay In today’s universe were the rate of world’s ownerships is deteriorating rapidly. There is far added force per unit area on the mill directors to build ware in a technique that supply greatest direction of energy. I would wish to take Motkamills for my faculty undertaking. which happens to be a paper factory which specialises in bring forthing laminating paper. I have chosen this peculiar industry because of the fact. mush for doing paper is extracted from the trees and this is one of the industries that need high monitoring to be energy efficient. Furthermore they need to be environment friendly as eco-system demands to be in perfect balance for endurance of worlds. The usage of energy monitoring and modulating procedure control systems can play a critical function in energy direction and in cut downing the demand of energy by this mill. These systems may include procedure such as sub-metering. monitoring. and control systems. They can drastically cut down the clip req uired to execute complex undertakings. frequently consequence in improved merchandise quality and consistence of any peculiar and can optimise process operations. Figure adapted by an ISO publication. â€Å"Typically. energy and cost nest eggs are about 5 % or more for many industrial applications of procedure control systems. These nest eggs apply to workss without updated procedure control systems ; many mush and paper Millss may already hold modern procedure control systems in topographic point to better energy efficiency† ( Kramer. october 2009 ) . Harmonizing to ( Kramer. october 2009 ) increase energy nest eggs further could be monetized by active energy monitoring squads and a through internal audit should be conducted by these squads. Specific energy nest eggs and payback periods for overall acceptance of energy monitoring and control systems vary greatly from works to works and company to company. A assortment of procedure control systems are available for all sorts of industrial procedures. Although energy direction systems thoughts are already widely spread in assorted industrial sectors. the public presentation of the systems can still be improved. which will as sist cut down costs. The energy salvaging procedure for 50 GPM of rescued H2O would approximately necessitate about 100 to 200 square pess of common production infinite. Utility demands would be compressed air. The estimation for entire affiliated HP for the full procedure would run from 15 to 20 HP. The operating and care costs for this procedure would dwell of electric power costs along with chemical purchases and care costs. The H2O recycle procedure would hold to be connected with and electrical burden in the scope of 15 to 20 HP. Based upon the figure of times H2O recycled associated power demands an one-year cost of $ 7. 500 would be incurred harmonizing to ( O’Connor. October2006 ) . The chemical ingestion rates estimated from the trial tally of this procedure were found to be really insistent. The one-year cost for chemicals is based upon the experimental operation disbursals extrapolated to an one-year ingestion rate. These costs are based upon the specific coagulator and flocculants needed for the pilot proving. The one-year cost is approximated at $ 16. 000. If the fiber is recovered or dewatered farther for disposal and the chemical intervention costs may be discounted as they are about same as to the chemical demands for the intervention of the fiber and fillers needed for the waste intervention works or the recovery of fiber through surrogate engineerings. Harmonizing to ( O’Connor. October2006 ) the care costs for the equipment are really hard to gauge. Other assorted fixs would be required for parts such as pumps. valves and instruments. For simpleness these cost are assumed to be one-year care cost of 2. 5 % of the capital equipment cost. This cost would be about $ 5. 000. The procedure is designed to be to the full automated. Daily tested by the mill’s lab staff to guarantee proper operation. The chemical and operating cost should be lower every bit good. There should be a benefit in retrieving the thickened stock from this watercourse for recycling in the factory and its value should clearly countervail the decrease on thermic nest eggs of the mill due to the execution of H2O recycling procedure. â€Å"The most of import natural stuffs used in a paper factory are mush fiber. H2O. and thermic and electrical energy. Decrease in the usage of any or all of these natural stuffs can hold a important. positive impact on the economic sciences of paper production and a mill’s underside line profitableness. Numerous commercially available engineerings are presently used throughout the paper industry for the recovery of fiber and clarified H2O from factory white H2O. † ( Romaro. september 2006 ) . Heat recovery systems could besides be utilized for minimising thermic and electrical energy usage. Nevertheless. all of these engineerings are capable to a figure of things such as public presentation. energy. efficiency. and dependability insufficiencies. It is considered impossible to bring forth economical high lucidity. â€Å" thermally rich H2O that may be substituted for fresh make-up H2O that typically requires heating to process-operating temperature† ( Romaro. september 2006 ) this means that you would hold to incur extra cost to recycle H2O which in bend will do you economically inefficient. As a consequence. with these present engineerings. paper Millss waste big measures of thermic and electrical energy and frequently lose their productiveness due to lower than coveted procedure runing temperatures. which they are unable to retrieve from important parts of their procedure H2O. effluent. and mush fiber. Companies all over the universe are highly witting of their C footmarks. More over European Union has aimed to lodge to the Kyoto protocol. â€Å"According to the burden-sharing understanding between EU Member States. Finland is committed under the Kyoto Protocol to conveying national mean one-year emanations down to their 1990 degree in the 2008–2012 periods. † ( Ojala. 4 feburay 2011 ) . Currently Motkamills has three production unit in Finland. for this to take topographic point they need to be energy efficient as we know that fuel costs make up a larger proportion of the costs in any given mills. being energy efficient will non merely convey down the operating costs for the twelvemonth of the mill but besides provide room for sustainable development. BibliographyKramer. M. a. X. . October 2009. Energy Efficiency Improvement and cost economy Opportunities for the mush and the paper industry. s. l. : BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY. O’Connor. K. . October2006. ENERGY EFFICIENT PAPER MILL PROCESS WATER AND WASTED PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER FOR REUSEAND FIBER RECOVERY. s. l. : The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority ( NYSERDA ) . Ojala. J. a. C. . 4 feburay 2011. Finland is implementing. s. l. : Ministry of the Environment. Finland. Romaro. B. . September 2006. PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER. s. l. : New YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.

Business Law - S 18 of the Australian Consumer Law within the Essay - 2

Business Law - S 18 of the Australian Consumer Law within the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (ACL) - Essay Example The ACL also presents several consumer guarantees within the terms of sale of goods (Morandin & Smith, 2011). Under it, suppliers have rights of selling any goods of their preference while such goods are accompanied by clear titles. The consumers will embrace undisturbed possession for the goods purchased and that such goods remain free from any undisclosed securities, encumbrances, or charges. The goods are to be of acceptable quality meaning that they will be safe, free from defects, and durable. They will have acceptable appearances and finishes as well as fitness for the purposes that they are supplied. The goods are to be reasonably fit to all disclosed purposes meaning that such goods continue performing the function for which consumers was informed they would (Carter, 2011). The goods will have to instil a correspondence with their description and the demonstration model or sample in terms of quality, condition, and state. The manufacturers will induce reasonably available facilities regarding repair of such goods as well as parts for goods. Lastly, the goods will have to be compliant with express warranties made or given, such as extra promises presented. This aspect draws together key elements of the components in relation to the business interactions. It also draws much attention towards the extensive overlapping of deceptive conduct or misleading provisions through the vast forms of federal statutes. Currently, there are practical dangers that various business engagements such as green washing as it deter the consumers through the selection or purchase of green services or products (Mitchell & Greco, 2011). It is because most of them they feel an inability to trust assertions placed forth by retailers and manufacturers on the products and services. It could cause stifle across marketing and development opportunities for the companies that are genuinely green. The

Ppd 3 mock interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ppd 3 mock interview - Essay Example Do you have a pen and piece of paper if necessary) X Presentation (Are you presentable? Professional and smart? Dressing for the job and not for university? Do you have a smart suit/shirt/tie/skirt/ blouse/ shoes etc? Have you removed excessive/extravagant jewellery? Have you covered up any outstanding piercings/tattoos?) X Ice-breakers (How confident are you in meeting someone for the first time? Be prepared for questions aimed at putting you at ease i.e. How was your journey, finding the location etc?) X Understanding the question (Do you find it easy answering questions? How accurate are you in terms of actually answering the question and not digressing to something else?) X Answering questions (How structured are your answers normally? Do you know when to stop talking? Have you enough confidence to answer a question without any rehearsal before an interview?) X Competency-based questions (Do you know what you said on your application form? Have you prepared a list of examples to demonstrate competency in case

Your group has been commissioned, as sports tourism management Essay

Your group has been commissioned, as sports tourism management consultants, to prepare a 4,000 word Marketing Report to the chief executive of the organising committee of the sport event allocated to you - Essay Example The management perspectives expressed in this paper have been weighed and sifted in accordance with the most recent literature available on the subject. Strategic management perspectives that run through a haze of corporate and organizational assumptions and goals have been invariably influenced by the relative importance of dynamic event-oriented outcomes including those related to the benchmarking organizational efforts. This report essentially identifies and addresses a few major event management theories along with a singular effort at building up a contingency tourism management model based on Singapore Formula One Grand Prix – 2009. Singapore Formula One Grand Prix - 2009 is one of the most important sporting events in the annual sports calendar of the world. The event to be held this year on 27 September would cover a distance of 308.950 km with 61 laps. Previous spectator statistics are a sure indicator of the event’s stupendous success this year as well. Already the heat of interest generated by the forthcoming mega event has filled up the air in Singapore. The record crowds and the significance of the event require a deep analytical study to assess the impact of it on foreign tourist arrivals in Singapore during the period up to the run up. A comprehensive delineation of the micro and macro level parameters of the event would be feasible here. At the micro level there is a series of constituent activities such as service provision and preparation by hoteliers and restaurateurs. At the macro level there is yet another set of activities including the changes and modifications to existing infrastructures and the organizing of the event through to the end. Event management industry is necessarily entwined here with the event to such an extent that all consequential and subsequent strategic decision choices available down the line from the consultant to the manager are determined by the very

Songs of the 50s Essay Example for Free

Songs of the 50s Essay Songs of the 1950s Songs of the 50s In this paper I will research and identify 5 songs of the 1950s and what the songs reflect about the culture, mood, and values of the 1950s and the ethnic groups the artists came from. I will also discuss how accurately the songs reflect the mood, value, and perceptions of the 1950s as discussed in our readings, Nation of Nations. â€Å"All I Have To Do Is Dream† The first song I would like to address would be: â€Å"All I Have To Do Is Dream,† by the Everly Brothers. This song reiterates the basic ideology of the 1950s associated with â€Å"the good life. The song offers a neat synopsis of the mood, values, and perceptions of this era, for example, the song states â€Å"only trouble is, gee whiz, I’m dreamin’ my life away†¦. † This quote shows the leisure time available to Americans, it also reflects the time of hope during this era. The song also reflects a strong sense of optimism, confidence, and overall comfort afforded by this era. This song also seems to echo the general sentiments of the time in terms of the open attitudes toward sex with some of the romantic lyrics. Since the baby boom initiated during this era the lyrics to the mood and values are represented in the lyrics above. Since America emerged from World War II, in this era this song reinforces the American Dream. The song gives the mood and perception of happiness at having a secure job, owning a house, etc†¦ â€Å"A Lot of Livin’ To Do† â€Å"A Lot of Livin’ To Do† by Sammy Davis Jr. , Mr. Davis represents both the African American and Hispanic races and this song’s lyrics also embody the era because of the references to the â€Å"good life† with â€Å"And there’s wine, already for tasting. And there’s Cadillac’s, all shiny and new. Gotta move, cause time is wasting. There’s such a lot of livin’ to do. † These lyrics indicate the era because it was called â€Å"the culture of consumption. † The Americans experienced a large scale of spending during this time period. The song’s reference to fancy cars shows that consumer’s values definitely dominated the American economy and culture during the 1950’s. A Combination of Lyrics Through my research for this assignment I found several songs that reflected the moods of this era that did not relate to the â€Å"good life† that I would like to touch base on. My Captain† by Muddy Waters clearly reflects on the issues of the difficult working conditions for an African-American man in a big city. Their lyrics reveal racial undertones as well as the tensions and divisions within America at the time. Two other lyrics that I felt were important regarding this e ra was â€Å"Korean War Blues† and â€Å"Eisenhower Blues† by J. B. Lenoir. These songs reflect the political strive associated with containing communism during this era and the political paranoia underlying the times. The connection to the mood, perceptions, values, and politics are found in the words from the song â€Å"Korean War Blues,† â€Å"Lord I got my questionnaire, Uncle Sam’s gonna send me away from here; Lord I got my questionnaire, Uncle Sam’s gonna send me away from here; He said J. B. you know that I need you, Lord I need you in South Korea. † These lines reinforce the fear and the paranoia associated with the Red Scare and containment. Yakety-Yak The final song on my list is â€Å"Yakety-Yak† by The Coasters, this song again reflects on the era’s carefree attitude and the triumphant mood of democracy in a light way. It was also a time for teenage rebellion due to the introduction of rock-n-roll. Many adults, parents, and teachers opposed rock and roll as an emerging genre and form of social protest. The lyrics of this song exemplify the generation gap and strain as the kids were fighting for freedom from the adults, â€Å"Don’t you give me no dirty looks, your father’s hip, he knows what cooks, just tell you hoodlum friends outside, you ain’t got time to take a ride, Yakety yak, don’t talk back. † Conclusion Through the course of research for this paper I learned a great deal about the moods, values, perceptions, and politics that were expressed through songs. Even though some of the songs reflected a casual happy life style there were also the songs that reflected the imperfections of the era. This was a difficult time due to the war ending, desegregation was taking place, and it was also the time of the baby boomers. Through the songs of the 1950’s I discovered that many artists were able to vocalize their own point f view on the events of the era. References: Resource Readings: Davidson et al. : Nation of Nations, Third Concise Edition, Volume II  © The McGraw? Hill Companies, 2002 Lyrics Depot:  © 2008 LyricsDepot. com. All Rights Reserved. Retrieved February 10, 2008. http://www.lyricsdepot.com/the-everly-brothers/all-i-have-to-do-is-dream.html http://custom-essay-cheap.com/songs-of-the-50s/ http://www.biography.com/people/muddy-waters-9525002 http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005/01/down-in-mississippi.html http://www.metrolyrics.com/yakety-yak-lyrics-the-coasters.html

Factors Affecting International Energy Policy

Factors Affecting International Energy Policy International Energy Policy Ze Cassule The factors affecting the content of international agreements for the oil and gas industry The Oil and Gas industry has certainly come a long way since the first discovery of oil in Texas. Whilst there are several opinions about what the future holds for the Gas and Oil Industry, there is one very unquestionable detail that will influence not only the Gas and Oil Industry, but the world as well: there have been significant changes worldwide and the demand for energy across the world will of course continue to grow. Population growth and the undisputed craving of currently underdeveloped countries to gain success economically speaking. It is hazy at the moment as to what rate the demand will grow but irrespective of this, the energy demand is already there and will continue. The DECC (Department of Energy Climate Change) governs the licensing system for the UK’s offshore and onshore development and management of the gas and oil reserves. Production licences When the DECC dispenses a production licence to a group of companies or a single company the new licensee is basically given sole rights to drill for, explore for and produce natural gas and oil within an area that has been specified. Production License owners must be confident and certain of these rights they have been granted prior to making any investments that are deemed necessary to essentially develop gas and oil fields worldwide. Within the production licences there is an â€Å"Exclusivity Clause† which prevents companies from building rival wells which would try and use and develop from the same resource. Legislation and regulation The DECC is governed by the UK Government and Parliament and the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change in the Petroleum Act 1998 to allow for gas and oil exploration. The production licences which are issued include terms and conditions under which the DECC has the power to oversee and regulate companies activities for things such as : Oil and gas drilling Oil and gas field production and development Licence operatorship and transfers The confidentiality and storage of data The DECC is a governing body of sorts and also manages and oversees all offshore environmental regulation and the decommissioning of offshore oil and gas installations and pipelines. It seems like the DECC is the be-all and end-all of the oil and gas industry regulations but there are many energy related activities that the DECC doesn’t actually regulate. The subsequent storage of petroleum based spirits fall under the jurisdiction of the HSE (Health and Safety Executive) and Local Authorities. Framework of the energy policies In the UK, (Wales and England in particular), when a consent for development application is made for a significant national energy organisation project, there are policy processes which are applicable: The UK Planning Inspectorate firstly receives and then considers the said application under the Planning Act 2008. The Planning Inspectorate then makes their recommendations to UK ministers at the DECC (Department of Energy Climate Change) Finally, the DECC ministers take everything into consideration and make their final decision. Each and every significant national energy organisation project is determined and defined as: Power stations which includes wind farms (both onshore and offshore) with a capacity of generating in excess of 50 megawatts (onshore) and 100 megawatts (offshore) Liquefied natural gas and large gas reception facilities as well as the underground storage of gas as set out in the 2008 Planning Act Electricity power lines which are above the ground at 132 kilovolts or above Gas transporter pipelines and cross country oil and gas pipelines which meet the thresholds and conditions as set out in the 2008 Planning Act The European Commission 2030 policy framework for energy and climate has clear goals and purposes to make the economy and energy system within the European Union much more secure, sustainable and competitive. Whilst the European Union seems to be making a great deal of progress towards meeting its climate and energy targets for 2020, an integrated policy framework for the period up to 2030 has been deemed as an necessity to ensure that regulatory certainty for potential investors and much more co-ordinated approach amongst Member States. The framework presented by the European Commissionin January of this year sought to drive a perpetual development and progress to an economy which is essentially low-carbon. The framework aims to develop a secure and competitive energy system that enables all consumers to purchase affordable energy, increases the EUs security of their energy supplies, lessens our dependence on imported energy and also creates new growth, jobs and opportunities. In March of this year (2014) leaders of the European Union agreed to finalise the framework by October 2014. Their framework has a number of objectives and goals which will of course effect the future of the gas and oil industry. 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions The crux of the framework is the goal to reduce by 40% the domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. This goal will guarantee that the European Union is on their economical right track in meeting its objective of reducing emissions by 80% (at least) by 2050. This goal is essentially setting the level of climate aspiration for the year 2030, the European Union are also looking to actively engage in the consultations on a relatively new climate agreement that ought to take effect from 2020. The overall 40% target looks set to be achieved, the sectors covered by the European Union Emissions Trading System (ETS) would have to significantly reduce their emissions compared to 2005 by at least 43%. Sectors outside the European Union Emissions Trading System would need to cut their emissions by 30% below the level they were at in 2005. 27% Increase in the share of renewable energy It looks like renewable energy will continue to play a significant role in the energy and climate evolution to secure a sustainable energy system. It has been reported that the Commission has proposed an objective of increasing the renewable energy share to 27% of the European Union’s consumption of energy by 2030. 30% Increase in energy efficiency A proposed 30% targeted increase in energy savings has been suggested by the European Commission after a review of the EED (Energy Efficiency Directive). The target which has been proposed seems to build on the already reached targets and achievements: in the construction industry, new builds use 50% of the energy they did in the 80’s and overall, industry is around 19% less energy intensive than it was nearly 15 years ago. EU emissions trading system reform In order to make the European Union Emissions Trading System more effective and robust in the promotion of a predominantly low-carbon investment at a much smaller cost to consumers. It is believed that the reserve would address both the surplus of allowances for emissions that have built up in recent years and also to greatly improve the resilience of the system in relation to key shocks by essentially adjust automatically the supply of the allowance. Affordable and secure energy The proposition from the Commission has a set of key indicators to assess the progress over time and deliver a basis for action as required. The difference in energy prices with trading partners, the supply variation and the reliance on natural energy sources are just some examples of what progressions will be looked at in more detail. A new governance framework The proposition of the 2030 framework suggests that a new governance framework which will be based upon national strategies for a competitive source of sustainable and secure energy. Energy costs and prices report The Commission which is setting out the framework is supplemented by an energy price and costs report which will assess the key handlers and compare European Union prices with those of the leading trading partners. The 2030 framework will be informed of these findings. In Conclusion Looking ahead; Apparently, and according to the latest energy outlook by ExxonMobil; Oil consumption across the globe is around 230 million Barrels of Oil Equivalent per Day (BOE-D). Gas and Oil supply approximately 60% of the total energy demand with 20% of the remaining demand coming from coal and the remaining 20% coming from hydro, wind, solar and nuclear energy. Predictions by ExxonMobil are that in just six years time, there will be an increase of some 24% for the worldwide demand of energy; with around 80% of this coming from previously underdeveloped. It has been reported that the outlook for gas and oil is that it they will both continue to supply the world energy demand by about 60% by 2020. This essentially means that an additional 30+ million Barrels of Oil Equivalent per Day of both gas and oil will need to be produced to meet these high demands. There are some unique challenges that will need to be met in order for oil and gas producers to achieve these goals and meet the demand for future gas and oil supplies. Access to Critical Resources At the moment, the most unyielding issue in the gas and oil industry appears to be the access to substantial and significant quantities of gas and oil resources. There seems to be a general consensus that there is more than enough oil to meet the demand in the future, however in excess of 80% of the world’s gas and oil resources lie at the mercy of NOC’s (National Oil Company’s) and governments. Politics will, as ever play a huge part in whether the future oil and gas supplies will be readily available when they are needed Cost of Services The increased costs for all services including procurement, drilling, facilities, engineering and construction will play a major part in the future of gas and oil supply and I think that this would be a major factor for all oil companies across the world. Drilling rigs or oil rigs would be a major factor and new rigs look set to become available for both deep water and also onshore areas within the very near future. This obviously doesn’t entirely solve the problem. Professionals who are experienced and have the technical know-how will need to be available to operate the new machinery; this is a major problem in the gas and oil industries as they are very hard to find. New and Innovative Technologies There is going to be an ongoing need for new technology that can help with all aspects of oil and gas production. These new technologies will need to be able to not only find and develop new sources but also be able to actually produce more gas and oil. One of the major influences in the past has been technology and is one of the major driving forces in the oil and gas industry. Being able to produce and deliver gas and oil in an effective, efficient and safe way whilst still taking into consideration the huge impacts on the environment. Bearing in mind the fierce challenges that the oil and gas industry will continue to face we can still predict that gas and oil companies may need to focus on the resilience of the energy supply chain globally. Safety will always be in the forefront in terms of concerns for gas and oil companies and it is safe to say that accountability and safety will forge relationships between service companies and owners. The gas and oil industries are facing a multilevel challenge in that they have to meet the growing demand for energy whilst reducing the greenhouse gas emissions and continually protect the environment. In order for the gas and oil companies to provide both long and short term solutions they will have to continue to carry on partnering with industry stakeholders and governments in investing and developing cleaner technologies and new energy sources. References/Bibliography