Your group has been commissioned, as sports tourism management Essay

Your group has been commissioned, as sports tourism management consultants, to prepare a 4,000 word Marketing Report to the chief executive of the organising committee of the sport event allocated to you - Essay Example The management perspectives expressed in this paper have been weighed and sifted in accordance with the most recent literature available on the subject. Strategic management perspectives that run through a haze of corporate and organizational assumptions and goals have been invariably influenced by the relative importance of dynamic event-oriented outcomes including those related to the benchmarking organizational efforts. This report essentially identifies and addresses a few major event management theories along with a singular effort at building up a contingency tourism management model based on Singapore Formula One Grand Prix – 2009. Singapore Formula One Grand Prix - 2009 is one of the most important sporting events in the annual sports calendar of the world. The event to be held this year on 27 September would cover a distance of 308.950 km with 61 laps. Previous spectator statistics are a sure indicator of the event’s stupendous success this year as well. Already the heat of interest generated by the forthcoming mega event has filled up the air in Singapore. The record crowds and the significance of the event require a deep analytical study to assess the impact of it on foreign tourist arrivals in Singapore during the period up to the run up. A comprehensive delineation of the micro and macro level parameters of the event would be feasible here. At the micro level there is a series of constituent activities such as service provision and preparation by hoteliers and restaurateurs. At the macro level there is yet another set of activities including the changes and modifications to existing infrastructures and the organizing of the event through to the end. Event management industry is necessarily entwined here with the event to such an extent that all consequential and subsequent strategic decision choices available down the line from the consultant to the manager are determined by the very

Songs of the 50s Essay Example for Free

Songs of the 50s Essay Songs of the 1950s Songs of the 50s In this paper I will research and identify 5 songs of the 1950s and what the songs reflect about the culture, mood, and values of the 1950s and the ethnic groups the artists came from. I will also discuss how accurately the songs reflect the mood, value, and perceptions of the 1950s as discussed in our readings, Nation of Nations. â€Å"All I Have To Do Is Dream† The first song I would like to address would be: â€Å"All I Have To Do Is Dream,† by the Everly Brothers. This song reiterates the basic ideology of the 1950s associated with â€Å"the good life. The song offers a neat synopsis of the mood, values, and perceptions of this era, for example, the song states â€Å"only trouble is, gee whiz, I’m dreamin’ my life away†¦. † This quote shows the leisure time available to Americans, it also reflects the time of hope during this era. The song also reflects a strong sense of optimism, confidence, and overall comfort afforded by this era. This song also seems to echo the general sentiments of the time in terms of the open attitudes toward sex with some of the romantic lyrics. Since the baby boom initiated during this era the lyrics to the mood and values are represented in the lyrics above. Since America emerged from World War II, in this era this song reinforces the American Dream. The song gives the mood and perception of happiness at having a secure job, owning a house, etc†¦ â€Å"A Lot of Livin’ To Do† â€Å"A Lot of Livin’ To Do† by Sammy Davis Jr. , Mr. Davis represents both the African American and Hispanic races and this song’s lyrics also embody the era because of the references to the â€Å"good life† with â€Å"And there’s wine, already for tasting. And there’s Cadillac’s, all shiny and new. Gotta move, cause time is wasting. There’s such a lot of livin’ to do. † These lyrics indicate the era because it was called â€Å"the culture of consumption. † The Americans experienced a large scale of spending during this time period. The song’s reference to fancy cars shows that consumer’s values definitely dominated the American economy and culture during the 1950’s. A Combination of Lyrics Through my research for this assignment I found several songs that reflected the moods of this era that did not relate to the â€Å"good life† that I would like to touch base on. My Captain† by Muddy Waters clearly reflects on the issues of the difficult working conditions for an African-American man in a big city. Their lyrics reveal racial undertones as well as the tensions and divisions within America at the time. Two other lyrics that I felt were important regarding this e ra was â€Å"Korean War Blues† and â€Å"Eisenhower Blues† by J. B. Lenoir. These songs reflect the political strive associated with containing communism during this era and the political paranoia underlying the times. The connection to the mood, perceptions, values, and politics are found in the words from the song â€Å"Korean War Blues,† â€Å"Lord I got my questionnaire, Uncle Sam’s gonna send me away from here; Lord I got my questionnaire, Uncle Sam’s gonna send me away from here; He said J. B. you know that I need you, Lord I need you in South Korea. † These lines reinforce the fear and the paranoia associated with the Red Scare and containment. Yakety-Yak The final song on my list is â€Å"Yakety-Yak† by The Coasters, this song again reflects on the era’s carefree attitude and the triumphant mood of democracy in a light way. It was also a time for teenage rebellion due to the introduction of rock-n-roll. Many adults, parents, and teachers opposed rock and roll as an emerging genre and form of social protest. The lyrics of this song exemplify the generation gap and strain as the kids were fighting for freedom from the adults, â€Å"Don’t you give me no dirty looks, your father’s hip, he knows what cooks, just tell you hoodlum friends outside, you ain’t got time to take a ride, Yakety yak, don’t talk back. † Conclusion Through the course of research for this paper I learned a great deal about the moods, values, perceptions, and politics that were expressed through songs. Even though some of the songs reflected a casual happy life style there were also the songs that reflected the imperfections of the era. This was a difficult time due to the war ending, desegregation was taking place, and it was also the time of the baby boomers. Through the songs of the 1950’s I discovered that many artists were able to vocalize their own point f view on the events of the era. References: Resource Readings: Davidson et al. : Nation of Nations, Third Concise Edition, Volume II  © The McGraw? Hill Companies, 2002 Lyrics Depot:  © 2008 LyricsDepot. com. All Rights Reserved. Retrieved February 10, 2008. http://www.lyricsdepot.com/the-everly-brothers/all-i-have-to-do-is-dream.html http://custom-essay-cheap.com/songs-of-the-50s/ http://www.biography.com/people/muddy-waters-9525002 http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005/01/down-in-mississippi.html http://www.metrolyrics.com/yakety-yak-lyrics-the-coasters.html

Factors Affecting International Energy Policy

Factors Affecting International Energy Policy International Energy Policy Ze Cassule The factors affecting the content of international agreements for the oil and gas industry The Oil and Gas industry has certainly come a long way since the first discovery of oil in Texas. Whilst there are several opinions about what the future holds for the Gas and Oil Industry, there is one very unquestionable detail that will influence not only the Gas and Oil Industry, but the world as well: there have been significant changes worldwide and the demand for energy across the world will of course continue to grow. Population growth and the undisputed craving of currently underdeveloped countries to gain success economically speaking. It is hazy at the moment as to what rate the demand will grow but irrespective of this, the energy demand is already there and will continue. The DECC (Department of Energy Climate Change) governs the licensing system for the UK’s offshore and onshore development and management of the gas and oil reserves. Production licences When the DECC dispenses a production licence to a group of companies or a single company the new licensee is basically given sole rights to drill for, explore for and produce natural gas and oil within an area that has been specified. Production License owners must be confident and certain of these rights they have been granted prior to making any investments that are deemed necessary to essentially develop gas and oil fields worldwide. Within the production licences there is an â€Å"Exclusivity Clause† which prevents companies from building rival wells which would try and use and develop from the same resource. Legislation and regulation The DECC is governed by the UK Government and Parliament and the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change in the Petroleum Act 1998 to allow for gas and oil exploration. The production licences which are issued include terms and conditions under which the DECC has the power to oversee and regulate companies activities for things such as : Oil and gas drilling Oil and gas field production and development Licence operatorship and transfers The confidentiality and storage of data The DECC is a governing body of sorts and also manages and oversees all offshore environmental regulation and the decommissioning of offshore oil and gas installations and pipelines. It seems like the DECC is the be-all and end-all of the oil and gas industry regulations but there are many energy related activities that the DECC doesn’t actually regulate. The subsequent storage of petroleum based spirits fall under the jurisdiction of the HSE (Health and Safety Executive) and Local Authorities. Framework of the energy policies In the UK, (Wales and England in particular), when a consent for development application is made for a significant national energy organisation project, there are policy processes which are applicable: The UK Planning Inspectorate firstly receives and then considers the said application under the Planning Act 2008. The Planning Inspectorate then makes their recommendations to UK ministers at the DECC (Department of Energy Climate Change) Finally, the DECC ministers take everything into consideration and make their final decision. Each and every significant national energy organisation project is determined and defined as: Power stations which includes wind farms (both onshore and offshore) with a capacity of generating in excess of 50 megawatts (onshore) and 100 megawatts (offshore) Liquefied natural gas and large gas reception facilities as well as the underground storage of gas as set out in the 2008 Planning Act Electricity power lines which are above the ground at 132 kilovolts or above Gas transporter pipelines and cross country oil and gas pipelines which meet the thresholds and conditions as set out in the 2008 Planning Act The European Commission 2030 policy framework for energy and climate has clear goals and purposes to make the economy and energy system within the European Union much more secure, sustainable and competitive. Whilst the European Union seems to be making a great deal of progress towards meeting its climate and energy targets for 2020, an integrated policy framework for the period up to 2030 has been deemed as an necessity to ensure that regulatory certainty for potential investors and much more co-ordinated approach amongst Member States. The framework presented by the European Commissionin January of this year sought to drive a perpetual development and progress to an economy which is essentially low-carbon. The framework aims to develop a secure and competitive energy system that enables all consumers to purchase affordable energy, increases the EUs security of their energy supplies, lessens our dependence on imported energy and also creates new growth, jobs and opportunities. In March of this year (2014) leaders of the European Union agreed to finalise the framework by October 2014. Their framework has a number of objectives and goals which will of course effect the future of the gas and oil industry. 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions The crux of the framework is the goal to reduce by 40% the domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. This goal will guarantee that the European Union is on their economical right track in meeting its objective of reducing emissions by 80% (at least) by 2050. This goal is essentially setting the level of climate aspiration for the year 2030, the European Union are also looking to actively engage in the consultations on a relatively new climate agreement that ought to take effect from 2020. The overall 40% target looks set to be achieved, the sectors covered by the European Union Emissions Trading System (ETS) would have to significantly reduce their emissions compared to 2005 by at least 43%. Sectors outside the European Union Emissions Trading System would need to cut their emissions by 30% below the level they were at in 2005. 27% Increase in the share of renewable energy It looks like renewable energy will continue to play a significant role in the energy and climate evolution to secure a sustainable energy system. It has been reported that the Commission has proposed an objective of increasing the renewable energy share to 27% of the European Union’s consumption of energy by 2030. 30% Increase in energy efficiency A proposed 30% targeted increase in energy savings has been suggested by the European Commission after a review of the EED (Energy Efficiency Directive). The target which has been proposed seems to build on the already reached targets and achievements: in the construction industry, new builds use 50% of the energy they did in the 80’s and overall, industry is around 19% less energy intensive than it was nearly 15 years ago. EU emissions trading system reform In order to make the European Union Emissions Trading System more effective and robust in the promotion of a predominantly low-carbon investment at a much smaller cost to consumers. It is believed that the reserve would address both the surplus of allowances for emissions that have built up in recent years and also to greatly improve the resilience of the system in relation to key shocks by essentially adjust automatically the supply of the allowance. Affordable and secure energy The proposition from the Commission has a set of key indicators to assess the progress over time and deliver a basis for action as required. The difference in energy prices with trading partners, the supply variation and the reliance on natural energy sources are just some examples of what progressions will be looked at in more detail. A new governance framework The proposition of the 2030 framework suggests that a new governance framework which will be based upon national strategies for a competitive source of sustainable and secure energy. Energy costs and prices report The Commission which is setting out the framework is supplemented by an energy price and costs report which will assess the key handlers and compare European Union prices with those of the leading trading partners. The 2030 framework will be informed of these findings. In Conclusion Looking ahead; Apparently, and according to the latest energy outlook by ExxonMobil; Oil consumption across the globe is around 230 million Barrels of Oil Equivalent per Day (BOE-D). Gas and Oil supply approximately 60% of the total energy demand with 20% of the remaining demand coming from coal and the remaining 20% coming from hydro, wind, solar and nuclear energy. Predictions by ExxonMobil are that in just six years time, there will be an increase of some 24% for the worldwide demand of energy; with around 80% of this coming from previously underdeveloped. It has been reported that the outlook for gas and oil is that it they will both continue to supply the world energy demand by about 60% by 2020. This essentially means that an additional 30+ million Barrels of Oil Equivalent per Day of both gas and oil will need to be produced to meet these high demands. There are some unique challenges that will need to be met in order for oil and gas producers to achieve these goals and meet the demand for future gas and oil supplies. Access to Critical Resources At the moment, the most unyielding issue in the gas and oil industry appears to be the access to substantial and significant quantities of gas and oil resources. There seems to be a general consensus that there is more than enough oil to meet the demand in the future, however in excess of 80% of the world’s gas and oil resources lie at the mercy of NOC’s (National Oil Company’s) and governments. Politics will, as ever play a huge part in whether the future oil and gas supplies will be readily available when they are needed Cost of Services The increased costs for all services including procurement, drilling, facilities, engineering and construction will play a major part in the future of gas and oil supply and I think that this would be a major factor for all oil companies across the world. Drilling rigs or oil rigs would be a major factor and new rigs look set to become available for both deep water and also onshore areas within the very near future. This obviously doesn’t entirely solve the problem. Professionals who are experienced and have the technical know-how will need to be available to operate the new machinery; this is a major problem in the gas and oil industries as they are very hard to find. New and Innovative Technologies There is going to be an ongoing need for new technology that can help with all aspects of oil and gas production. These new technologies will need to be able to not only find and develop new sources but also be able to actually produce more gas and oil. One of the major influences in the past has been technology and is one of the major driving forces in the oil and gas industry. Being able to produce and deliver gas and oil in an effective, efficient and safe way whilst still taking into consideration the huge impacts on the environment. Bearing in mind the fierce challenges that the oil and gas industry will continue to face we can still predict that gas and oil companies may need to focus on the resilience of the energy supply chain globally. Safety will always be in the forefront in terms of concerns for gas and oil companies and it is safe to say that accountability and safety will forge relationships between service companies and owners. The gas and oil industries are facing a multilevel challenge in that they have to meet the growing demand for energy whilst reducing the greenhouse gas emissions and continually protect the environment. In order for the gas and oil companies to provide both long and short term solutions they will have to continue to carry on partnering with industry stakeholders and governments in investing and developing cleaner technologies and new energy sources. References/Bibliography

Influences on Judicial Power Essay -- Political Science Judicial Revie

Influences on Judicial Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Under Article III of the Constitution the judicial branch was established, but rather implicit in proportion to the other two branches of government. This ambiguity allocates various opportunities for interpretation of judicial power. In Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton addresses the role of the judiciary branch within the federal government in regards to political immunity of judges through life tenure and contribution to checks and balances through power or judicial review. Chief Justice John Marshall, in his ruling of Marbury v. Madison, established the principle of judicial review advocated by Hamilton in the Federalist Papers. Originally designated as the weakest of the three branches in government by the framers of the Constitution, the Judiciary has accumulated an increase in political influence through judiciary review and has proven to be an essential institution in the separation of powers as well as an active participant in the system of checks and bal ances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Hamilton in Federalist 78, the judicial branch has the least amount of power among the three branches of government. The Judiciary is â€Å"the weakest of the three departments of power, that it can never attack with success either of the other two† (Woll, 410). The enumerated powers of Congress include the authority to collect taxes, borrow money, regulate commerce, and pass federal law. These assigned powers permit Congress to control the economy and regulate the public by adopting legislations. The Executive branch has the power to enforce laws, negotiate treaties, and accept ambassadors. Possessing these powers along with being the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, the President is capable of leading the federal government through perils pertaining to the public. The Judiciary â€Å"has no influence over either the sword or the purse; no direction either of the strength or of the wealth of the society; and can take no active resoluti on whatever†¦It may truly be said to have neither FORCE NOR WILL, but merely judgment† (Woll, 410). The Judicial branch lacks the influential power possessed by Congress and the President in the federal government and is further limited by presidential appointment of justices and congressional decision to establish lower courts. The Supreme Courts’ ability to pass judgment, however, gives significant power... ...the doctrine of the Constitution, which is superior. Hamilton conceived the judicial branch as the weakest of the three governmental branches; however, it is an indispensable contributor to the system of checks and balances. The executive and legislative branches check the judicial branch through the President’s power to appoint justices and Congress’ power to establish lower courts. The judicial branch checks both the executive and legislative branches through judicial review, which was established by Marshall in the case of Marbury v. Madison. Hamilton also emphasized the significance of judicial independence from political influence of the two stronger branches of government in order to preserve separation of powers. This requisite independence of the judicial branch is achieved through life tenure for justices, which prevents them from being susceptible to political pressures. Article III of the Constitution pertaining to the Judiciary is very inexplicit regarding the powers of judicial branch; however, the unconteste d establishment of judicial review has significantly strengthen its authority and it is undeniably an influential branch within the governmental system today.

How & Why the Crusades Were Successful and Failures Essay

The Hundred Years’ War, was a conflict between England and France, was not actually a single war that lasted a hundred years; instead it was a series of wars interspersed with periods of peace that began in May 1337 and ended in October 1453. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War won by French king Charles V; and the Lancastrian War won by French king Charles VII. The Hundred Years’ War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of the two countries, the Plantagenets in England and the Capetians in France. Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas of France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to muster a large army. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. This success was due to able military leaders and the development of a full-time, professional army and a taxation system to support it. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip the Good, duke of Bourgogne to conquer most of northern and western France. The tide changed, however, when Philip changed his alliance to the French. It was during the Lancastrian War that the heroic efforts of Joan of Arc, who fought the English, allowed uncrowned French king Charles VII to be officially crowned. The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty rule. One of the central causes of the Hundred Years War centered on the relationship between the Kings of France and England regarding the duchy of Aquitaine located in Southwestern France. In 1259, the Treaty of Paris designated that Henry III held the duchy as a fief of the French king. As a vassal to the King of France Henry was required to pay liege homage to the king. This meant that the King of England was required to do homage whenever the kingship of either England or France changed hands. However, Henry was the King of England. Control over the French throne further complicated matters. In 1328, Charles IV, King of France, died without a male heir. Edward III, the King of England, held claim to the throne via his mother who was Charles’ sister. The other important claimant was head of the Valois house (Philip VI) grandson of Philip III. Philip VI gained the throne and moved to confiscate Aquitaine in order to consolidate his power. Edward led a raid into French territory in 1338 to defend his claim and two years later declared himself the true king of France. Another cause of the Hundred Years’ War was economic conflict. The French monarchy tried to squeeze new taxes from towns in northern Europe which had grown wealthy as trade and cloth-making centers. Dependent as they were on English wool, these towns through their support behind English and Edward III. The hundreds year war was one by the French. The Hundred Years War was the last great medieval war. The Hundred Years’ War was a series of separate wars, battles, and political feuds lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne. The reason that the French ultimately won is because the English war effort in France was dependent upon their alliance with the Burgundians, but when the Burgundians tepidly switched allegiance to the King of France, it truly crippled the English war effort. As a result of the Hundred Years’ War, the French and English people, who had been ruled as one nation after the Norman Conquest, began to assume separate national identities. They also developed new military tactics. The wars, however, had been a serious drain on the populations of both countries, bringing about a decline in feudalism. France had been severely damaged during the fighting. This was partly caused by official armies conducting bloody raids designed to undermine the opposition ruler by killing civilians, burning buildings and crops and stealing whatever riches they could find. It was also frequently caused by routiers, brigands frequently soldiers serving no lord and just pillaging to survive and get richer. Areas became depleted, populations fled or were massacred, the economy was damaged and disrupted, and ever greater expenditure was sucked into the army, raising taxes. Historian Guy Blois called the effects of the 1430s and 1440s a ‘‘Hiroshima in Normandy’’. Of course, some people benefitted from the extra military expenditure. England, in contrast, had begun the war with more organised tax structures than France, and much greater accountability to a parliament, but royal revenues fell greatly over war, including the substantial losses incurred by losing wealthy French regions like Normandy and Aquitaine. However, for a while some Englishmen got very rich from the plunder taken from France, building houses and churches back in England.

Free Essays on Stimulation

â€Å"Promises To Keep† â€Å"Promises to Keep,† written by Katherine Karr offers encouragement and advice to families who have to put loved ones in nursing homes. Few are prepared for the shock of the placement into the institution, and families are not aware of the emotional effort needed to put forth so that that elderly feel comforted and maintain dignity throughout this vital change. Katherine explains the process through first hand experience with her grandmother. These care facilities provide the duty of looking after elderly persons who can no longer take of themselves or by their family. The role of families in nursing homes should be to â€Å"oversee and share equitability in the nursing home experience† by working cooperatively with staff. Yes, this staff is genuinely nice but they are paid to be like that, nothing can replace love between family members. The family must find the right nursing home by determining the amount of financial resources available, which will determine the status of the nursing home. The five methods of financing nursing homes are personal financial resources, private insurance, veteran’s benefits, Medicare, and Medicaid. Guidebooks usually help a family determine this. From here on you must place the elderly person’s needs above your own to ensure them dignity and care. Karr’s grandmothers life was dedicated to family caring until it came time for the family to care for her. The last years spent in a nursing home were unexpectant to her grandmother but accepted due to her age and family devotion to comforting her. Nursing homes receive a lot of bad press, but efficiency and care should be an obligation. What Karr learned from this was that â€Å" the special emphasis on the emotional, physical, mental, and spiritual needs of a fragile population need to be addressed and she hopes this book will help future people faced with the challenges of nursing homelife.† Deterioration of the elderl... Free Essays on Stimulation Free Essays on Stimulation â€Å"Promises To Keep† â€Å"Promises to Keep,† written by Katherine Karr offers encouragement and advice to families who have to put loved ones in nursing homes. Few are prepared for the shock of the placement into the institution, and families are not aware of the emotional effort needed to put forth so that that elderly feel comforted and maintain dignity throughout this vital change. Katherine explains the process through first hand experience with her grandmother. These care facilities provide the duty of looking after elderly persons who can no longer take of themselves or by their family. The role of families in nursing homes should be to â€Å"oversee and share equitability in the nursing home experience† by working cooperatively with staff. Yes, this staff is genuinely nice but they are paid to be like that, nothing can replace love between family members. The family must find the right nursing home by determining the amount of financial resources available, which will determine the status of the nursing home. The five methods of financing nursing homes are personal financial resources, private insurance, veteran’s benefits, Medicare, and Medicaid. Guidebooks usually help a family determine this. From here on you must place the elderly person’s needs above your own to ensure them dignity and care. Karr’s grandmothers life was dedicated to family caring until it came time for the family to care for her. The last years spent in a nursing home were unexpectant to her grandmother but accepted due to her age and family devotion to comforting her. Nursing homes receive a lot of bad press, but efficiency and care should be an obligation. What Karr learned from this was that â€Å" the special emphasis on the emotional, physical, mental, and spiritual needs of a fragile population need to be addressed and she hopes this book will help future people faced with the challenges of nursing homelife.† Deterioration of the elderl...

Peru essays

Peru essays Peru, the famous home of the Incas remains one of the most intriguing countries of South America. When Pizarro and his men establish a colony in Lima it ended a great ancient civilization and opened up a journey towards the industrialized Peru that is seen today. Peru is a diverse country with many different types of land forms, industrial goods, and natural resources. The Republic of Peru is located in western South America. Columbia lies to the north of Peru, Brazil is located to the east, and Chile is to the south. Peru has three types of land (Theonnes, 7). The narrow plains are located on the coast of Peru toward the Pacific Ocean. This areas temperature ranges from 66 to 73 degrees Fahrenheit (Weil, 40-41). The second type of land found in Peru is the highlands. The highlands are located in the central region of Peru. This is the region where the Andes Mountains are found. Rain seldom falls below the five thousand foot level on the slopes of the Andes Mountains (Weil, 40-41). The temperature is very high in the summer time in the highland region. The third type of land is the lowlands in eastern Peru. The seasonal temperature range is about seventy-five degrees. The lowland region has many rivers, dense rain forests, and few people because of its hot, rainy weather (Weil, 40-41). The per capita income for Peru is 4,800 U.S. dollars per year (Peru, 2). Among the products of Peru are coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, plantains, coca, poultry, beef, dairy products, wool, and fish (Peru, 2). Peru also has a lot of industry. It has mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food, processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, and metal fabrication (Peru, 2). Its natural resources consist of copper, silver, gold petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, and natural gas (Peru, 2). Perus major trading partners are the United States, ...

Slavery and Freedom essays

Slavery and Freedom essays Morgan in retrospect chronicles the surrounding events of American history, focusing on the asymmetric growth pattern between slavery and freedom, this Morgan reckons to be the central paradox in American History. He states The rise of liberty and equality in this country was accompanied by the rise of slavery. That two such contradictory developments were taking place simultaneously over a long period of our history, from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth, is the central paradox of American History (2 p.52). He analyzes the views and ideals of prominent individuals in that era with reference to their influential and contradictory decisions made therein to fortify his argument of slavery and freedom. He also highlights the events that led to the rise of slave trade resulting in the liberty and equality of the indentured slaves to the African man, resulting in a racially motivated democratic government. Morgan highlights Thomas Jeffersons enigmatic posture towards slavery as controversial to his view of the freeman. He states Jefferson did not believe in slavery but in a freedom that sprang from the independence of the individual. The man who depended on another for his living could never be truly free(5 p.53). Although Jefferson had slaves, he feared their freedom would prove detrimental to the society unless they where well prepared for an independent life in the free world. He held the notion that when slaves ceased to be slaves they would become instead a half million idle poor, who would create the same problems for the United States that the idle poor of Europe did for their states. The slave, accustomed to compulsory labor, would not work to support himself when the compulsion was removed(11 p.54). This view may have also been influenced by his or his countrymens racial prejudice, which solely supports the American paradox. Morgan emphasizes the fact that the ...

Project Jesus 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Jesus 1 - Assignment Example In both numbers and John, there are some similarities. Just as Moses lifted up the snake for those bitten to get healed, so Christ must be lifted that anyone who believe may get the eternal life The following traits are predicted about Messiah: Messiah would be like Moses, he would be the Lord God himself, he must shine from Galilee, must be from King David’s line of descendants, would be the son of God, would be born in Bethlehem and must suffer for mankind’s sake. The Holy Spirit role was to be the soul of the church and Christ’s body. He is with Christ, the head of the church, for each church member to unite them, and in the entire church in a perfect harmony. King is the most prominent feature since Messiah was born in the lineage of King David. The priest does not feature most since it was believed one could not be a king and a priest at the same time. Prophesy appears in few places where Christ’s acknowledges being a prophet. In the first coming, it is foretold that the Messiah will not be accepted, and the kings of the earth will plot against Him and those whom He anoints. Whereas in the second coming, it is foretold that the messiah will come back after the rapture and the restoration of Israel to judge both the good and evil. In addition, during his second coming people there will be only one religion and those who will refuse to worship him will get punished (Cox Jr.). 10. Using the evidence above, explain how Jesus could have known that He â€Å"must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again† (Mark 8:31, cf. 9:12; 10:32-34). He was declared by Jehovah as the only begotten son and given the decree over everything. As a prophet in his first coming, Jesus foretold His suffering at the hands of mankind and knew the will of God who sent Him to be fulfilled, and then He must go through suffering. Messiah means the one who has been anointed. Only

The Batek of Malaysia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Batek of Malaysia - Research Paper Example They are one of the groups of Malayan aborigines (Orang Asli) and from historic times they have always been gathering food by hunting and gathering natural resources (Bisht and Bankoti, 2004, p.100). This paper will focus on forage as primary mode of subsistence of the Batek population and its impact on some aspects of their culture. The Batek have maintained their primitive lifestyles but with time they might be facing challenging with respect to upholding their beliefs and traditions. There is a population of 133,000 Orang Asli in Malaysia and they are divided into 3 groups which again has 18 ethnic sub-groups. Each group has an identity of their and differ in language, culture and also architecture. In the age of urbanization they have adopted modern lifestyles and have come to live in urban areas. However, the Batek still maintain their traditional nomadic lifestyle (Beswick, 2010). The Batek people claim to have a strong and positive relationship with the forest. They hunt for food in the forests and also take refuge in the forests. In spite of their dependence on forests, their everyday life can be in danger. As with other nomadic groups, the Batek too suffer from this fear. The major factor that contributes to their fear of life is falling of trees. The Batek have an inherently practical approach to this problem. They cut down a tree if they think it has the possibility of falling over their camp. If cutting down of a tree does not seem possible then they escape from the way of the tree. As the best and hassle free solution they build their camps in place where there are no old trees so that they are saved from the threat of potential falling trees. In general term, this fear of the Batek of falling trees is a fitting environmental behaviour and can be considered normal for people living among trees. The Batek people believe that the world will cease to exist if no people live in the forests and so according to their belief they are holding up the world by remaining attached to the forests. Administrative boundaries do not restrict the Batak and they move freely in and out of Taman Negar a Park. Based on their political and sexually democratic structure, there exist no boundaries among groups. The main characteristic of their daily camp life is fluctuation. The Batek people always look for new zones for resource and so their encampments are always fresh and in established sites (Tuck-Po, 2005, pp.250-251). A camp group has an average of 38 people and in general does not remain in one place for more than two weeks. They move from one rive valley to another in three to four months. Their movement is not random through the forest. They follow a definite walking trail and other pathways including rivers and streams (Tuck-Po, 2005, pp.250-251). The Batek do not have ownership of lands and they only look after lands. This makes them easier to move every five months so that the forest can replenish (Beswick, 2010). In Batek society leadership is not ascribed. It is based on situation and activity. Although individuals make decisions, still group decisions act as the best c ompromise between peaceful agreements and chaotic conflicts. Dominating behaviour is not favorably accepted and even the children have the right to object and refuse obedience. The nuclear family is the primary unit for production and consumption. An important social performance is the practice of sharing of food between households. The largest share of food that they gather goes to the family members of the hunter and their closest kin and the remaining portion of the food is distributed among the other members of the

Care of the patient having Cytotoxic Chemotherapy (GM50Z8) Essay

Care of the patient having Cytotoxic Chemotherapy (GM50Z8) - Essay Example To think that patients are already in a very critical condition, they still have to deal with problems of comprehension. Many are confused especially on the technicality of their disease or treatment. Not everyone can easily understand a doctor’s intellectual explanation. The emergent proliferation of Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) has become an immediate solution to this problem. Leaflets are free consultation take-outs from a trusted doctor; it is an instant consultation. Whenever you forget some details about a disease or a treatment, you can always refer back to your leaflet. The leaflet must contain answers to most frequently asked questions. It can save time and consultation fees. However, the issue at hand is, are they effective? Do patients/relatives/supporters do actually read them. The challenge is to make them read and understand leaflets. Specifically, the main question of this paper is, is the leaflet on Cytotoxic Chemotherapy a helpful guide and preparation for cancer patients and a good source of information for relatives and supporters of these patients? The following paragraphs will be a critical review of â€Å"A Patient’s Guide to Chemotherapy†. The leaflet is aimed to guide adult cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, their families and supporters as evidently mentioned in the first section of the leaflet. Definitely, they are the target audience of the leaflet and not the patients suffering with any other disease or illness. It would be useless to distribute leaflets to those who will not use them. It is very important that these leaflets must go to the hands of the target audience. Leaflets as mentioned earlier are answers to most frequently asked questions, and the leaflet on chemotherapy should answer a cancer patient’s questions on his or her own chemotherapy treatment. It should clarify any gray areas on the said topic. After reading it, the patient or the patient’s supporter must greatly understand the

UAE Security and the Effect of Technology and Car Bombs Essay

UAE Security and the Effect of Technology and Car Bombs - Essay Example As the discussion stresses technology has enabled terrorists design car bombs. The car bombs in use today are likely to cause greater explosion. The perpetrator can easily deliver the bomb to the target area. Due to the close proximity, the explosion has the potential of causing indiscriminate mass destruction. The existent of the car bombs increases the need for tighter security. Stringent checking of cars driving into critical structures and other crucial areas like airports is proving necessary in most parts of the world.From the report it is clear that the UAE region is prone to terrorist attacks being an economically vibrant region. Police reports from this region indicate that they have been using technology to mitigate and protect any form of terrorist attacks. UAE launched an effective face recognition system in 2008. The technology of face recognition the states are using is one of the most efficient and has the ability to capture facial images and recognize them. Through th is technology, they ensure that their borders are safe. Due to the efficiency of the face recognition system, they can mitigate any attack and monitor the entry of people into the region. This helps them keep off terrorists before their entry.  Reports from the Abu Dhabi police department reveal that the face recognition system seeks to provide increased security to the community. The system has the ability to capture images and through a high-resolution technology produce images that ease identification. The system can attract subjects of interest and capture facial features and is not prone to any form of distortion. The region is aware of the possible security threats. It aims at protecting each business despite the size. Many enterprises have an access control system, biometric security, CCTV surveillances, and the face recognition system. Other security –solutions are in place. All these are only possible through technology application. All these aim at ensuring a high level of civil security at a time when the use of conventional weapons has reportedly caused a lot of damage in many places of the world (Abu Dhabi Police DHQ, 2012). The UAE region also needs to improve the security to its critical structures. In addition to the security solutions, the states should focus on hardening walls of buildings. The hardening of walls involves in cooperating material that can resist the effect of any bomb or conventional weapon. The new technology ensures that any successful attacks produce minimal damage. The hardening of walls is a proactive measure that increases civil security. It is effective in preventing property damage and life loss. In case of attacks, buildings with hardened critical structures resist the pressure and cannot collapse easily. Research shows that during an explosion, the collapsing building has more effects on the people than the real weapon. Understanding this fact should be a guideline to the UAE to use an extensive blast design in the architecture of its critical structures. Hardening the walls is one of the available technologies. Other available technologies include the use of blast-resistant glass in construction. Other studies

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism - Essay Example The essay "Charles Jencks and Postmodernism" focuses on the figure of Charles Jencks and the postmodernism. Post modern art favours reflexivity and the self consciousness, its emphasis is on the de-structured, decentred and dehumanized subject. It is also concerned with questions of the organization of knowledge. In a society where post modernism exists knowledge becomes functional, one learns things not to know but to use that knowledge. We are talking about post modernism in relation to garden design which has become an integral part of the cultural landscape. One can notice a difference in the way the gardens are being designed as compared to the modernism days. There seems to be now a bond between the abstract and the arts and craft approaches, the geometry of the abstract art has been blended with the various delights of the arts and craft gardens. This change is mostly commonly seen in the materials which are chosen. Before for gardens people would choose a square concrete slab or a wood painted white which was used to represent the abstract style but now due to post modernism, there is now the richness of the earthy bricks, the stained timber and concrete finishing’s as well as the decorative fittings which have appeared in the gardens and the sense of place and scale is altogether more intimate then before. Where its spirals scales of a pine cone run from the bottom to the top, it has recurring numbers, ratios and proportions. Its recurrent pattern is a form of what one says self-organization.

Civil rights play in Don Quixote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civil rights play in Don Quixote - Essay Example The role of civil rights is very strong in the work as Don Quixote can be seen as informing people about their civil rights and helping them to face the wicked. The first errand in which Don Quixote gets involved is the knocking down of the monks who are the attendants of a lady. Don Quixote considers them as attackers. Sancho, Don Quixote’s squire gets confused that they will face some adverse reaction from the lady’s attendants but Don Quixote informs him about their civil rights as knights. He matches himself with police officers who have the right to use some violence in order to maintain law (Presburg 56). According to him, knights can be aggressive at times for which, they won’t get punished as they are authorized to use their strength for the safety of common people. Don Quixote attends burial ceremony of Chrysostom who commits suicide for a lady named Marcela. Marcela rejects his love, which becomes a reason for his suicide. At the burial, Marcela appears and informs that she is not responsible for anybody. Don Quixote protects Marcela from the chasing men and threatens that he will kill anyone who will chase Marcela (El Saffer 134). He becomes a guard of the woman and asks her if he can be of any help for her. The protagonist of the work, Don Quixote shows interest in listening to the stories narrated by the characters with whom he meets in his journey and shows sympathy for them (Presburg 59). He meets several prisoners watched over by equipped men and asks the prisoners to inform about them. They all narrate their stories by showing them as innocent people who are maltreated. Don Quixote helps them in their freedom by fighting with the armed men. He shows sympathetic attitude towards each and every person who seems above suspicion. Don Quixote also shows interest in the story of the naked man named Cardenio whom he finds in his way and chases him in order to know about him. When he finds him, he asks

UAE Security and the Effect of Technology and Car Bombs Essay

UAE Security and the Effect of Technology and Car Bombs - Essay Example As the discussion stresses technology has enabled terrorists design car bombs. The car bombs in use today are likely to cause greater explosion. The perpetrator can easily deliver the bomb to the target area. Due to the close proximity, the explosion has the potential of causing indiscriminate mass destruction. The existent of the car bombs increases the need for tighter security. Stringent checking of cars driving into critical structures and other crucial areas like airports is proving necessary in most parts of the world.From the report it is clear that the UAE region is prone to terrorist attacks being an economically vibrant region. Police reports from this region indicate that they have been using technology to mitigate and protect any form of terrorist attacks. UAE launched an effective face recognition system in 2008. The technology of face recognition the states are using is one of the most efficient and has the ability to capture facial images and recognize them. Through th is technology, they ensure that their borders are safe. Due to the efficiency of the face recognition system, they can mitigate any attack and monitor the entry of people into the region. This helps them keep off terrorists before their entry.  Reports from the Abu Dhabi police department reveal that the face recognition system seeks to provide increased security to the community. The system has the ability to capture images and through a high-resolution technology produce images that ease identification. The system can attract subjects of interest and capture facial features and is not prone to any form of distortion. The region is aware of the possible security threats. It aims at protecting each business despite the size. Many enterprises have an access control system, biometric security, CCTV surveillances, and the face recognition system. Other security –solutions are in place. All these are only possible through technology application. All these aim at ensuring a high level of civil security at a time when the use of conventional weapons has reportedly caused a lot of damage in many places of the world (Abu Dhabi Police DHQ, 2012). The UAE region also needs to improve the security to its critical structures. In addition to the security solutions, the states should focus on hardening walls of buildings. The hardening of walls involves in cooperating material that can resist the effect of any bomb or conventional weapon. The new technology ensures that any successful attacks produce minimal damage. The hardening of walls is a proactive measure that increases civil security. It is effective in preventing property damage and life loss. In case of attacks, buildings with hardened critical structures resist the pressure and cannot collapse easily. Research shows that during an explosion, the collapsing building has more effects on the people than the real weapon. Understanding this fact should be a guideline to the UAE to use an extensive blast design in the architecture of its critical structures. Hardening the walls is one of the available technologies. Other available technologies include the use of blast-resistant glass in construction. Other studies

Civil rights play in Don Quixote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civil rights play in Don Quixote - Essay Example The role of civil rights is very strong in the work as Don Quixote can be seen as informing people about their civil rights and helping them to face the wicked. The first errand in which Don Quixote gets involved is the knocking down of the monks who are the attendants of a lady. Don Quixote considers them as attackers. Sancho, Don Quixote’s squire gets confused that they will face some adverse reaction from the lady’s attendants but Don Quixote informs him about their civil rights as knights. He matches himself with police officers who have the right to use some violence in order to maintain law (Presburg 56). According to him, knights can be aggressive at times for which, they won’t get punished as they are authorized to use their strength for the safety of common people. Don Quixote attends burial ceremony of Chrysostom who commits suicide for a lady named Marcela. Marcela rejects his love, which becomes a reason for his suicide. At the burial, Marcela appears and informs that she is not responsible for anybody. Don Quixote protects Marcela from the chasing men and threatens that he will kill anyone who will chase Marcela (El Saffer 134). He becomes a guard of the woman and asks her if he can be of any help for her. The protagonist of the work, Don Quixote shows interest in listening to the stories narrated by the characters with whom he meets in his journey and shows sympathy for them (Presburg 59). He meets several prisoners watched over by equipped men and asks the prisoners to inform about them. They all narrate their stories by showing them as innocent people who are maltreated. Don Quixote helps them in their freedom by fighting with the armed men. He shows sympathetic attitude towards each and every person who seems above suspicion. Don Quixote also shows interest in the story of the naked man named Cardenio whom he finds in his way and chases him in order to know about him. When he finds him, he asks

IGCSE English Essay on Global Essay Example for Free

IGCSE English Essay on Global Essay I recently read your essay about global warming stating that humans have not contributed to its existence. I believe that it is important to study both sides of this argument thoroughly before drawing a conclusion. Although you cleverly wrote an essay based on a couple of hand-picked facts, there is still another side of the issue which is yet to be told. I believe that global warming is a problem which has arisen due to the careless actions of humanity. Does denying global warming’s existence mean that humans can continue with their wasteful ways? After all of the arguments, debating, and disagreements, is global warming real? Its existence is undeniable. The real question is, are human-beings the cause of global warming? Imagine having to separate your garbage into 3 different boxes rather than 1. This simple task would undoubtedly require a bit more effort on our behalf, and to be frank, no one likes to do extra work. We fail to believe that global warming is caused by us knowing that we would have to make changes in our lifestyles that could potentially require more effort. Was it in elementary school that we learned about the water cycle, about how one thing affects the next? Similarly, global warming is but a chain of events in which humans are heavily involved. People cannot simply burn immense quantities of fossil fuels in hopes that there will be no after-effects. In fact, the repercussions of all of this industrialization can be seen through the form of air pollution which consists of carbon dioxide (CO2). Factories burn fossil fuels and simultaneously release pollutants in the air; hence, man-made CO2 is formed. Since the pre-industrial era, man-made CO2 has increased by a third with a consequential change in global temperatures. By creating this man-made CO2, the carbon cycle has been disrupted and the excess CO2 is becoming cumulative. As a result, the natural carbon exchange is unable to absorb this additional carbon dioxide. We are unable to see the truth even when it is right before us. Only a crazy person would think that global temperatures are the same as they were 100 years ago. Statistics show that the average global temperatures in the 1880s were approximately 14 degrees Celsius. Global temperatures within the past decade have been climbing as high as 15 degrees Celsius. Throughout the years, the rate of warming has increased, and to most people’s horror, has occurred within the span of a few decades. Scientists have not been fretting over a minor global temperature change, but the fact that temperatures have increased during such a short period of time. The famous Medieval Warming Period occurred from 700 AD to 1250. The drastic temperature increases occurred within approximately 4 centuries. Comparatively, global temperatures have risen by over 1 degree Fahrenheit within a single century. Surely you can see the severity of the situation within these simple statistics. The world is changing. Humans continue to alter the planet’s self-regulating systems, and these actions will be reflected by the lack of resources in the future. Some have dedicated their entire lives to the study of global warming in order to prove that it is very much existant, and not the myth which it is perceived to be. The main cause behind all of these changes is carbon emissions. Carbon emissions have been high enough to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to current levels of approximately 390 parts per million. This is an increase of 75 parts per million from 1960 when it was estimated at 315 parts per million. We are exhausting the Earth’s atmosphere and tampering with what was supposed to remain untouched. In your essay about global warming, you stated that â€Å"temperatures declined from 1940 to 1980† and â€Å"by the 1990’s temperatures appeared to have reversed†. However, it can be observed from global climate charts that the temperatures between 1940 and 1980 were, as a matter of fact, fluctuating. On the other hand, temperatures from 1980 to present day have only increased and have shown absolutely no signs of cooling. In other words, the global temperatures in 1940 to 1980 were not declining, but were slightly rising and falling. Some may believe that global warming is yet another one of the world’s phases. If so, are they ready to abuse our planet until it finally exceeds exhaustion? Like everything else in the world, the Earth has its limits. By continually releasing large amounts of CO2 into the planet’s atmosphere, we are not only having an impact on global temperatures, but on nature as a whole. Temperatures will increase and glaciers will melt. The vast forms of wildlife in the Arctic will inevitably suffer due to this. Natural resources will eventually run out and when this happens, we will turn to nature for assistance. At that point, mankind will come to realize that nature does not have anything left to give us. The majority of the proof points to man-made CO2 being the reason for global warming. I believe that if mankind does not reduce the emission of CO2, the world will finally reach its limit and humanity will be left in a fragile situation with minimal resources. I thank you for listening to my outlook of the situation and look forward to hearing from you in due course.

Analysis of Internal Service Quality

Analysis of Internal Service Quality Internal Service Quality is a visible expression of an organizations culture and it can be thought of as the quality of work life. It is about the workplace design, job design, employee selection and development, employee rewards and recognition and tools for serving customers. Service Quality: Services are intangibles and it is more difficult to measure it physically as compared to the products. Service quality is delivery of superior services to their customers according to their desires and expectations. (Zeithaml V.A and M.J.Bitner, 1996) In todays fast-paced and increasingly competitive market, the bottom line of an organisations strategies and tactics is to make profits and contribute to the growth of the company. Customer satisfaction, quality and retention are global issues that affect all organisations. Many companies are interested in studying, evaluating and implementing strategies that aim at improving both internal and external customer retention. Internal Service Quality in Mauritius is starting to emerge in the fast expanding economy in order to add a competitive edge to both our public and private sector. In the tourism sector, hotels are starting to apply Internal Service Quality. In this competitive environment, organisations believe that they have to maintain the quality of products to sustain, survive, leading the market and achieving the competitive advantage which depends on organisational valuable assets, that is, employees. The quality of the services or products can be judged by its customers perceptions and expectations about that services or products (Parasuraman et al.1991). External customer loyalty and satisfaction strongly depends on internal customers. Employees satisfaction is directly related to superior services. The strong relationship between an organisation and an employee leads to a real improvement in the services provided to customers (Scheinder and Bowen, 1995) 1.1 Background of Tourism Sector in Mauritius The hotel sector, being an important pillar in the Mauritian economy has to provide first class service to their clients in order to maintain level of competition with other reputed touristic venues across the world. Since 2005, the tourism sector has averaged a growth of approximately 5 % (www.gov.mu) from arrival of tourist in Mauritius. This growth is encouraging but at the other end other sectors, such as the textile or sugar industry sector has gone on decline following open trade treaty in 2005. As a result of that, our economy is dependent on the Tourism Sector and in order to attract more tourists to Mauritius, the Internal Service Quality must be enhanced to improve our service to clients in hotels. Legends Hotel provides Internal Service Quality since year 2002. Internal service quality forms part of the Human Resource strategies to attract and retain both internal and external customers. One among many strategic examples at Legends Hotel, employees are empowered with more training and development programs so that they can better handle customers queries. 1.2 Problem Definition At Legends, Internal Service Quality has been more or less beneficial to the company as a whole. However, some key areas within the business still need consideration. First and foremost, communications within different departments and teamwork among employees are not that effective. There are always complaints about employees not cooperating while performing their job or information is not well communicated. Effective communication within a business is considered as a vital tool in the day to day management of an organisation and improper communication can lead to decline in the performance both in terms of customer satisfaction and in managerial perspective as a whole. Moreover, remuneration is another important factor that affects the performance of employees. The latter consider that they could get better remuneration for similar work performed elsewhere. Hence attitude and behaviour towards providing dedicated service to clients and the organisation are somewhat affected. And since a fierce competition exists among hotels in Mauritius, it is very important for management to provide good internal service quality for survival of the organisation as it has a direct impact on profitability and customer loyalty. 1.3 Aims and Objectives: The effectiveness of Human Resources Practises in delivering Internal Service Quality. The effectiveness of the SERVQUAL Model using Internal Service Quality battery. To provide an insight into the process of improving Internal Service Quality. 1.4 Outline of Chapters Chapter 1: Introduction It provides a general outline of the project, with the different sections included and the objectives of the study. Chapter 2: Legends Hotel This chapter consists of a brief overview of the company and the structure of the organization. Chapter 3: Literature Review This chapter consists of the different theories used in the dissertation together with background study of the subject. Chapter 4: Methodology and Research This chapter includes the hypothesis of the study as well as sampling and questionnaire design utilized during the project survey. Chapter 5: Results and Analysis This chapter comprises of the analysis of data obtained during the questionnaire survey followed by discussion on the results obtain. Again, appropriate statistical tools, such as the SPSS technique was used for the analysis of results. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations It deals with the conclusion of the main findings and based on them, it puts forward some recommendations in order to have an effective Internal Service Quality. 2.0 legends hotel 2.1 Company Overview Legends Hotel, set up in 2002, is a 5 star hotel located at Grand Gaube and it consists of 198 rooms. It forms part of the Naiade Group which owns hotels like Le Tropical, Les Pavillons, Beau Rivage, Merville Beach, Ile des Deux Cocos, Tamassa, Hotel Le Recif (Reunion Island), Grand Hotel du Lagon (Reunion Island) and Dive in Maldives. The five core values at Naiade are Guests, People, Leadership, Responsibility and Excellence. Guests are to be put at the forefront of everything, People are the employees who are provided with opportunities to grow within the business, Leadership is about fast management reaction to secure maximum advantage of changes, Responsibilities to recognize and honour investments of shareholders and Excellence is about building competitive edge on superior innovation and customer responsiveness. Naiades vision is to be an international hotel group offering wide range of product in all market segments of leisure in the hospitality industry. It wants to be recognized as the business community leader, continuously improving share holder value and welfare of staff whilst fulfilling corporate social responsibility. The purpose of Legends is to help people enjoy good times together, to celebrate life. The five beliefs at Legends are consideration for people, serving with passion, insistence on integrity, responsibility of leadership and entertaining with creativity. If we quote the Mission Statement of Legends Hotel, it can be seen that they view customer satisfaction in different perspective. Mission Statement: we are unforgettable, passionate team committed to provide outstanding personalised service through our unique concept of fengshui, the art of living in harmony Employees are provided with several benefits such as pension plan, medical cover, naiade home loan scheme, discretionary bonus, hotel stays at preferential rates, Naiade fun day, kids and team member party and star team member of the month and year. 2.2 Organisation Structure Legends Hotel is administered by a General Manager and a Resident Manager, who are responsible for the day to day management of the affairs of the organisation. Legends Hotel is structured with several departments, each headed by a Head of Department. These departments are then sub-divided into a number of divisions which are each under the direct responsibility of a Supervisor. The different departments as well as the divisions are illustrated hereunder. For ease of understanding each department constituting the hotel has been illustrated in the diagram. As far as Internal Service quality is concerned, it is directly related to the Human Resource Department which is constituted of the HR Manager, the Personnel Manager, Assistant HR Manager and HR coordinator in the frontline of this department. The table below shows the number of staffs per department at The Legends Hotel. Table 2.1: No. of Employees at Legends Hotel S/No Department No. of Employees (Population) 1 Human Resource 5 2 Kitchen 77 3 Spa 15 4 Entertainment 18 5 Food Restaurant 125 6 Front Office 20 7 Security 30 8 Finance 15 9 Housekeeping 118 10 Quality and Events 2 11 Maintenance 25 Source: Human Resource Management Department, Legends Hotel Figure 2.1: Structure of Functional Organization Chart Assistant HR Manager NAIADE BOARD OF DIRECTORS LEGENDS GENERAL MANAGER LEGENDS RESIDENTMANAGER HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT- Linen Laundry and Floor Valet Front Office Department reception, guest relation officer quality and events department food and beverages department- Restaurant, room service, bar Beach Entertainment department Kitchen department pastry, main kitchen, stewarding spa department maintenance department security department finance department Human Resource department HR MANAGER HR Coordinator Personnel Manager Source: Human Resource Management Department, Legends Hotel 3.0 Literature review 3.1 What is Internal Service Quality? Quality is defined in ISO 9000:2000 as the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements. Degree means that quality can be used with adjectives such as poor, good and excellent. Inherent is defined as existing in something, especially permanent characteristics. Characteristics can be quantitative or qualitative. Requirement is a need or expectation that is stated; generally implied by the organisation, its customers both internal and external and other interested parties. Internal service quality is measured by the feelings that employees have towards their jobs, colleagues and companies. It points to the ability and authority of service workers to achieve results for customers. Internal quality is also characterised by the attitudes that people serve each other inside the organisation (David, 1988) According to Grà ¶nroos (1988), service quality is commonly defined as a discrepancy between the service quality that is delivered by the organization and the service performance that employees expect. Conceptually, service quality is defined as global judgment or attitude relating to the overall excellence or superiority of the service (Parasuraman et al., 1988). 3.2 Importance of Internal Service Quality Delivering quality service is considered to be an important strategy for success in todays competitive environment. Since the 90s many service companies have pursued to enhance their performance and effectiveness in search of achieving differentiation in the market. An example of that is the attempt to convince customers that their quality is superior to the competitors. In addition, the importance of service sector has sharply increased in both developed and developing countries. The Service Profit Chain establishes relationships between profitability, customer loyalty and employee satisfaction, loyalty and productivity. Profit and growth are stimulated primarily by customer loyalty. Loyalty is a direct result of customer satisfaction. Satisfaction is largely influenced by the value of services provided to customers. Value is created by satisfied, loyal and productive employees. Employee satisfaction results primarily from high quality support services and policies that enable employees to deliver results to customers. This is demonstrated in the diagram below. Figure 3.1: The Links in the Service-Profit Chain Source: Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work (James L. Heskett et al., 1994) Employee Satisfaction is the individual employees general attitude towards the job. It is also an employees cognitive and affective evaluation of his or her job. It is an important factor in determining service quality (Zeithaml et al., 1990). Satisfied employees are more committed to continuous improvement and quality, thus they are also more committed to delivering quality service. Employee Retention involves taking measures to encourage employees to remain in the organization for the maximum period of time. Employee loyalty is synonymous with achieving a balance that brings feelings of connection along with a commitment to produce. Ultimately, loyal employees can bring some big benefits. Economists define employee productivity as the output per worker or output per hour. With the increase in part-time employment and temporary and contract workers, many businesses use hours worked rather than output per worker to measure productivity. External Service Value- Value is a function not only of costs to the customer but also of the results achieved for the customer. It is based both on perceptions of the way a service is delivered and on initial customer expectation. Customer Satisfaction is the degree to which customer expectations of a product or service are met or exceeded. Corporate and individual customers may have widely differing reasons for purchasing a product or service and therefore any measurement of satisfaction will need to be able to take into account such differences (Pugh et al, 2002) Customer Loyalty is used to describe the behaviour of repeat customers, as well as those that offer good ratings, reviews, or testimonials. Some customers do a particular company a great service by offering favourable word of mouth publicity regarding a product, telling friends and family, thus adding them to the number of loyal customers (Gursoy and Swanger, 2007) 3.3 Internal Service Quality in Tourism Sector In tourism sector, delivering quality across tangibles and intangibles elements represented a departure from conventional manufacturing oriented approaches to Total Quality Management At the heart of Quality Service is the difficulty in ensuring consistency due to the variability of human element. Lewis (2000) argues that As the 21st century unfolds, it is clear that people accept that service will play an increasingly important part in the economy. Customer perception of service delivery will be imperative and will shape the choice of service provider (Norma Dannunzio-Green et al., 2005) In the age of service competition, the customer comes first. Such is the power of customers that the term service management is increasingly used to emphasised management imperatives in this age of service competition and market forces. Managing quality is an integral part of service management and internal development of personnel and reinforcement of its commitment to competitive goals and strategies are strategic prerequisites for success. Does quality pay? This is one of the key contemporary issues that attract attention from practitioners. The role of quality in the overall performance of service business starts right from strategic level down to the implementation details. Improved service quality and customer satisfaction lead to higher productivity, increased loyalty, lower transaction cost and customer retention. It is popularly believed that better service leads to improved performance for a service firm. Today service organizations are concerned in the delivery of quality service and the building of loyalty among employees and customers. If employees are not happy with the work, they are more readily to quit their jobs than satisfied employees. Researchers have found that satisfied employees are more likely to improve their job performance (Judge et al., 2001), be creative and cooperate with others because satisfaction is the inner force that drives employee behaviour. Previous studies have suggested that loyal employees are more willing and capable of delivering a higher level of service quality. According to Schneider and Bowen (1985; 1993) the efforts to promote service quality must be based on managing employee behaviours and training them in interpersonal skills in order to exhibit a true customer focus. Bitner et al. (1990) observed that in service encounters, employee behaviour will impact on the customer perceptions of service quality. Zeithaml et al. (1990) argue that employ ees who are not suited to their jobs will not be able to deliver quality service (Ramseook, P. et al., 2010) 3.4 Measuring Internal Service Quality Measuring the quality of internal services is relevant since an external-customer support requires internal systems aligned with external customer expectations, including each internal subsystems adding value to others systems within the organization (Gilbert, 2000). Since years ago, researchers (Reynoso and Moores, 1995; Caruana and Pitt, 1997) have pointed out that there is a positive correlation between internal service quality, business performance and services delivered to customers, motivating some efforts to measure internal service quality by applying the SERVQUAL instrument. (Miguel Cauchick et al., 2006) SERVQUAL is the most widely utilized tool for measuring service quality (Parasuraman et al., 1988; 1994; Sureshchandar et al., 2001; Chiu, 2002) and its application continues to increase in different service setting such as banks, hospitality industry, health sector, education and travel and tourism. The five dimensions of SERVQUAL are as follows: Tangibles (physical facilities, equipment, and appearance of personnel) Reliability (ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately) Responsiveness (willingness to help customers and provide prompt service) Assurance (knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and confidence) Empathy (caring, individualized attention the firm provides its customers). The present investigation can also be considered an attempt to use it for measuring internal-service quality, which is the service provided by Legends Hotel. 3.5 HR Implications on Internal Service Quality Human Resource Management can be essentially seen as an employee centred approach to management, although there is lots of definition of the term. Its an essential part of every managers responsibilities, but many organizations find it advantageous to establish a specialist division to provide an expert service dedicated to ensuring that the human resource function is performed efficiently. To the modern management theory, the employee satisfaction is considered one of the most important drivers of quality, customer satisfaction and productivity. Success of any organization depends on its valuable human resource. Achieving service quality through valuable human resource strongly depends upon the organizational culture and working environment. To deal with the attitude and behaviour of the human resource, HRM best practices and quality principles play an important role to motivate, train, develop, retain and satisfy their valuable human resource. When the internal customers are not satisfied with the practices of the management, they not only are unlikely to continue their service but also to share their unfavourable service experiences to others resulting in decreased motivations and financial performance of organization. Globalization has augmented competitive pressures to help improve the quality of services provided by the tourism sector. There is the need to enforce compliance with internal services quality regarding human resource management as many researchers are of the view that the whole development in the organization is due to the potential human resource, it is therefore call of the time to the employee in the centre of development of all process to enhance the sense of ownership and hidden assets for the effective employee job satisfaction. Berry (1994) found that a several beneficial organizations competed by hiring, rewarding, training and retraining a frequent error that organization made was to look at human resources skills and knowledge development as an experience which they had acquired during their working with the organization rather than a continuing process. He further added that, even if employees received training, it was either deficient, not on time, or not the actual type of training they needed or rather it was in general not specific.(Khan,2010) It was found that that human resource management practices as actual, tangible practices were designed to develop commitment. Along with a variety of human resource management practices, it had been found that rewards and recognition had a greater influence on the organizational commitment found relationships between specific practices, such as performance evaluation, promotion policies, compensation, and benefits, and affective commitment. (Ogilvie, 1986) Moreover employee satisfaction was considered to be one of the most important drivers of quality of services, customer satisfaction and productivity. In his study he investigated an important driver of employee satisfaction. He argued that interpersonal trust (trust in management and trust in peers) robustly influenced employee satisfaction and, employee loyalty as an end result (Matzler et al., 2004) Also, associations between employees commitment to their organizations and satisfaction and argued that still there seemed little conformity about the fundamental associations between these two significant employee attitudes. Understanding these approaches was important because they had significant consequences on business performance, and these approaches could be influenced by human resource strategies and practices (Rayton, 2006) The modern management must also focus these factors which were very important to enhance the profitability in the new paradigm of service that organization not only invested in employees to enrich their knowledge skill abilities through extensive training programs but also to provide them with required technological support to manage the customers. They must reconsider their recruitment process, training methodologies and implementation of fair system of pay for performance, conducive environment and job definition. Recruitment Selection The goal of recruiting is to generate a large pool of applicants and to provide enough information for individuals to self select out the process. The Selection process on the other side follows a standard and systematic pattern beginning with an initial screening interview and concluding with the final employment decision. The recruitment and selection process demands lots of interpersonal skills and management must be very careful while selecting the right candidate for the job (Decenzo and Robbins, 2005) Training and Development It forms an important part of an organization overall HRM strategy. It implies transition in skills, knowledge, attitudes and social behavior. (Cascio, 1982).Organisations are investing to train their workforce and develop it for future so that they can perform their job efficiently and effectively and therefore it is expected that training has a positive impact on both employees motivation and commitment. Reward and Recognitions Employees reward and recognition includes focusing on employees input and peer recognition by using multiple layer methods within a system to recognize individuals and teams in accordance with the established practices and the rewards must be on the basis of their performance even tangible rewards along with an intensive communications strategy with accepted and integrated accountability systems (Khan, 2010) Job Design It has a significant and positive effect on client satisfaction which, in turn, significantly affected organizational performance and it leaded the organizations goals accomplishment which employed new service standards and customer systems. It can be said that job designs could provide high levels of control on employee also offered augmented chances for the growth and implementations of employees skills. Hackman Oldham proposed the Job Characteristics Model, consisting of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback (Hackman and Oldham, 1976) Job Definition The job definition is basically arrangement or rearrangement of work with the motive to facilitate their employees and overcoming job frustration and enable them to be more productive, comforter while discharging their duties. It can be argued that defining the job of the employee helped the manger as well as the employee in decision making. The manger could get help regarding the decision whether the employee is the right person for promotion (Khan, 2010) 4.0 Methodology 4.1 Materials and Methods The purpose of this chapter is to outline the research methodology and processes undertaken to collect information for the report. A research is an organised inquiry which seeks to find explanations and to clarify doubtful facts so as to reach a conclusion. There must be ways of producing and analysing data so that the theories can be tested, accepted or rejected. (Clover and Balsley, 1979) defines research as the process of systematically obtaining accurate answers to significant and pertinent questions by the use of scientific method of gathering and interpreting information. 4.2 Purpose and Design of Survey A survey is a fact finding study. It is a method of research involving collection of data directly from a population or a sample thereof at particular time. For the purpose of this study, a survey was carried out to assess the status of Internal Service Quality on a sample of workers of different departments at Legends Hotel. The prime aim of the survey was to assess the following: The effectiveness of Human Resources Practises in delivering Internal Service Quality. To measure employees expectations and perceptions of service quality based on SERVQUAL model. To examine service quality dimensions in predicting satisfaction and loyalty among employees at Legends Hotel. To assess on the above, the design of the survey was very important. The survey design depends on the subject of the survey, the amount of time and the accuracy required. In effect, all depends on the proper design of the questionnaire in order to gather the appropriate information in a reasonable time frame. 4.3 Questionnaire Design A survey is a fact finding study. It is a method of research involving collection of data directly from a population or a sample thereof at particular time. For the purpose of this study, a survey was carried out to assess the status of Internal Service Quality on a sample of workers of different departments at Legends Hotel. The prime aim of the survey was to assess the following: The effectiveness of Human Resources Practises in delivering Internal Service Quality. To measure employees expectations and perceptions of service quality based on SERVQUAL model. To examine service quality dimensions in predicting satisfaction and loyalty among employees at Legends Hotel. To assess on the above, the design of the survey was very important. The survey design depends on the subject of the survey, the amount of time and the accuracy required. In effect, all depends on the proper design of the questionnaire in order to gather the appropriate information in a reasonable time frame. 4.4 Pre Testing However, before proceeding with the survey, it was important to undertake a pilot survey so as to test the efficiency of the questionnaire. Firstly, the questionnaire was circulated among five staffs of different grades and with varied academic background such as valet de chambre, security officer, chef de cuisine, assistant finance officer and front office manager. Since a face to face interview technique was used mainly for staff of lower grade, the concept of the questionnaire was clearly understood and all were able to make sense of the questions 4.5 Sampling Technique Used To conduct the survey, the target population was divided into eleven categories encompassing the different departments existing at Legends Hotel as more fully illustrated in Chapter 2. As the target population was quite large, a sample had to be used. The sampling size was determined using the stratified sampling technique. A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples from each sub-group of a population. It was required that the proportion of each stratum in the sample is the same as the population. At first a sample size of 100 questionnaires were distributed among the employees of the hotel. But during administration of the survey, employees were unfortunately reluctant to complete the questionnaire. The murder of an Irish tourist on the hotel premises in January 2011 gave rise to substantial trauma at different levels. As a result of that, employees had access to counselling, but still, there is still some sign of disturbance amongst them. Of the 100 questionnaire distributed, only 50 was collected which was fully answered following face to face interview with the employees. Due to time constraint, it was decided that the sample size of 50 was a good representative of the population size of 450 employees. Table 4.2: Sampling of Employees at Legends Hotel S/No. Department No. of Employees (Population) No. of Employees (Sample for 100 Employees) No. of Employees (Sample for 50 Employees) 1 Human Resource 5 1 1 2 Kitchen 77 17 8 3 Spa 15 3 1 4 Entertainment 18 4 2 5 Food Restaurant 125 28 14 6 Front Office 20 4 2 7 Security 30 7 3 8 Finance 15 3 2 9 Housekeeping 118 26 13 10 Quality and Events 2 1 1 11 Maintenance 25 6 3 Source: Computed Expected Results The study will reveal the present status of Internal Serv

The Cause and Effect of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis :: Financial Crisis Mortgage Sub-Prime

The subprime mortgage crisis is an ongoing event that is affecting buyers who purchased homes in the early 2000s. The term subprime mortgage refers to the many home loans taken out during a housing bubble occurring on the US coast, from 2000-2005. The home loans were given at a subprime rate, and have now lead to extensive foreclosures on home loans, and people having to leave their homes because they can not afford the payments. (Chote) The cause and effect of this crisis can be broken down into five major reasons. When subprime mortgages began to flourish, the term housing bubble came into existence. The term relates to the time in which houses sharply increased in value, and consumers often borrowed at less than the lowest rates. People believed that the price of their homes would rise and they could then refinance for lower payments. The problem with that mentality is many people didn’t just refinance for lower payments, they also refinanced for personal spending. Inflation of home prices meant homeowners suddenly had more equity and were able to spend the money as they chose. All good things must come to and end. In late 2005, the housing bubble burst, and housing began to decline in price. People who refinanced, particularly those who financed with variable interest rates suddenly found their homes were valued at much less. The housing market became flooded with homes for sale, because the homeowners with variable rates and interest only loans could not continue to make their payments. (Greenspan) The rise in the number of homes for sale caused further lowering of home values. Keeping in mind that the main reason for the mortgage crisis is the high number of defaulted home loans, which triggered foreclosures and sell offs. The other four contributing factors include high-risk loans, the bust in the housing market, mortgage fraud, and speculation. High-risk loans are loans that are over leveraged, where the financing is done more than the suggested values to be given. (Greenspan) This can result in immediate sell off when the property falls below that loan amount and to avoid further loss the banks start raising the installment. The housing market has seen pressure as a result of the over pressure on most homeowners by increasing rates. This affects people ability to make the payments, resulting in defaults. This is the problem with the burst in the housing market. The third major factor that is causing the mortgage crisis is, mortgage fraud.

Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide -- Euthanasia Physician Assisted S

Assisted Suicide/Euthanasia      Ã‚   Remarkably, few have noticed that frail, elderly and terminally ill people oppose assisted suicide more than other Americans. The assisted-suicide agenda is moving forward chiefly with vocal support from the young, the able-bodied and the affluent, who may even think that their parents and grandparents share their enthusiasm. They are wrong.    Thus the assisted suicide agenda appears as a victory not for freedom, but for discrimination. At its heart lie demeaning attitudes and prejudices about the value of life with an illness or disability. All who believe in the dignity of human beings should reject such attitudes.    When people raise their voices against this injustice, let no one say that they are "imposing" their values on others. Opponents of euthanasia are standing with those who are vulnerable and marginalized, those who often lack a voice in our nation's policies and are at serious risk of having some demeaning and lethal "values" imposed on them from the outside. Moreover, it is a source of pride that some are "inside" this issue as few others are. Christian hospitals, hospices and nursing homes, as well as Christian physicians, nurses, chaplains and others who work in secular institutions, are on the front lines in providing compassionate care for suffering patients. They know, as we do, that the humane approach to dying patients is to eliminate their physical suffering and other problems, not to eliminate the patient. They know, as Pope John Paul II has said, that "true 'compassion' leads to sharing another's pain; it does not kill the person whose suffering we cannot bear" [The Gospel of Life, 66].    Christian conferences file briefs in pending Supreme Cou... ... "Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: attitudes and experiences of oncology patients, oncologists, and the public." 347 The Lancet 1805 (June 29, 1996):1809   Humphry, Derek. "What's in a word?" Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization 1993, Table 1-A.   Koenig, Dr. Harold et al.. "Attitudes of Elderly Patients and their Families Toward Physician-Assisted Suicide." 156 Archives of Internal Medicine 2240 (Oct. 28, 1996)   Lee v. Oregon, 891 F.Supp. 1429 (D. Or. 1995), vacated on other grounds, 107 F.3d 1382 (9th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 328 (1997).   "Poll Shows More Would Support Law Using Gentler Language," TimeLines (Jan.-Feb. 1994):9   Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 2262 n. 7 (1997. -- -- --. 117 S. Ct. at 2272, quoting United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 558. 1979.   Washington Post, April 4, 1996.

Acute Low Back Pain Health And Social Care Essay

Acute low back hurting is a common status frequently seen by primary and pressing attention suppliers. An episode of ague low back hurting is normally of short continuance and many patients will retrieve without any curative intercession. However, the challenge is to pull off low back hurting with equal conservative intervention, restricting assorted invasive diagnostic ratings. At the same clip the supplier needs to be argus-eyed about red-flags associated with low back hurting which may necessitate further work up and referral to a spine specializer. In this manuscript, we have provided a comprehensive reappraisal about the rating, intervention and red-flags associated with low back hurting. How common is low back hurting? Acute low back hurting is a really common status, with a lifetime prevalence every bit high as 84 % , and said to be the 2nd most common ground for office visits in the United States.1 Most patients in their grownup life are likely to see one episode of low back pain.2 It can impact patients at any age, but it is most often seen between the ages of 20 to 40 old ages and gender distribution is equal.2 Anatomy of Low Back Pain. The anatomy of the dorsum is complex. A thorough cognition of anatomy is required by doctors to understand the pathophysiology of low back hurting. A typical vertebra consists of a vertebral organic structure, a vertebral arch and seven procedures ( pedicel, cross procedure, superior and inferior articular procedures, lamina and spiny procedure ) .3 ( Figure 1 ) The intervertebral phonograph record is interposed between the vertebral organic structures. The outer ring of the phonograph record is fibrocartilage ( anulus fibrosus ) while the cardinal nucleus is heavy ( nucleus pulposus ) . Hernia or bulge of the nucleus pulposus into or through the annulus fibrosus and compacting the nervus roots is a well-recognized cause of low back hurting ( Sciatica ) . The laminae of next vertebral arches are joined by the xanthous ligament- the ligamentum falva, which assist with straightening of the vertebral column after flexing. The hypertrophy of the ligamentum flava is another common cause of low back hurting ( lumbar stricture ) . There are several ligaments and extrinsic and intrinsic back musculuss attached to the spiny and cross procedures. They are necessary to back up and travel the vertebral column. Minor sprains of these ligaments and musculuss are besides a common cause of low back hurting ( musculus sprain ) . The spinal nervus roots of the lumbar and sacral spinal nervousnesss are the longest and fall in the lumbar cisterns before go outing through intervertebral hiatus. The compaction of these nervuss roots may do low back hurting and saddle anaesthesia in the perineum ( Cauda Equina Syndrome ) . Figure 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.myhousecallmd.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/2vertebra1.jpg Prepare yourself earlier clinical rating. Acute low back hurting is frequently attributed to the above said anatomical pathology. However, doctors should be ready to place marks associated with systemic diseases ( table 1 ) , societal and psychological emphasiss ( table 2 ) , and hazard factors ( table 3 ) that may be lending to moo back hurting. In add-on, ruddy flags ( table 4 ) should besides be evaluated. Table 1: Signs associated with systemic diseases4 History of malignant neoplastic disease Greater than 50 old ages of age Unexplained weight loss Greater than 1 month continuance of hurting Nighttime hurting Pain unresponsive to old therapies Table 2: Social and psychological emphasiss taking to moo back pain5 Anxiety Depression Job dissatisfaction Somatization upset Low educational attainment Psychologically strenuous work Table 3: Hazard factors for low back pain5 Smoking Fleshiness Older age Female gender Physically strenuous work Table 4: Red flags to acknowledge in patients with low back pain6 Recent injury Unexplained weight loss Unexplained febrility Immunosuppression History of malignant neoplastic disease Intravenous drug usage Osteoporosis, prolonged usage of glucocorticoids Greater than 70 old ages of age Focal neurologic shortage or disabling symptoms Pain continuance greater than 6 hebdomads Evaluate patient symptoms and correlative with anatomy. The patient rating begins with word picture of the hurting ( table 5 ) to set up the diagnosing. It should be noted that many patients have already tried non-steroidal anti-inflammatory ( NSAID ) medicines, and heat or cold battalions before confer withing the doctor. Patients frequently report hurting radiation to their leg ( radiculopathy ) . However, pain radiating below the articulatio genus is a more of import mark of true radiculopathy than hurting radiating to the thigh.7 Table 5: Word picture of the low back hurting. Where does it ache? When does it ache? How does activity impact the hurting? Does the hurting radiate? What relieves the hurting? Is hurting associated with a roseola? Differential diagnosing as per hurting history: Dull or crisp hiting lower back hurting Symptoms are worse when patient sits or stands for extended periods Pain additions with coughing or sneeze Pain radiates down the leg Pain additions with forward flexure of the spinal column Leg hurting is greater than back hurting Normally one-sided Herniated Disc Dull hurting lower back hurting Pain additions with standing and walking Pain improves with remainder and forward flexure of spinal column Pain may be one-sided or bilateral Spinal stricture Diffuse back hurting with or without cheek hurting Pain additions with motion Pain improves with remainder Pain does non radiate to leg Lumbar strain/sprain ( muscular ) Diffuse lower back hurting Bladder or intestine incontinency Urinary keeping Saddle anaesthesia Progressive motor or centripetal loss Cauda equine syndrome History of injury or osteoporosis Point tenderness Pain additions with flexure of spinal column Pain additions with alteration in position from supine to sitting or from sitting to standing place Compaction break Physical scrutiny. Physical scrutiny of the dorsum should be an of import portion in the rating of low back hurting. Inspection of the dorsum should be done to look for roseola ( Herpes Zoster ) , scoliosis or dissymmetry of musculus mass and tone ( musculus cramp ) . Physicians may be able to arouse point tenderness ( compression break ) or costo-vertebral angle tenderness ( urinary piece of land infection/Pyelonephritis ) . The bulk of patients may non be able to execute motions of the spinal column. However, efforts should be made to look into spinal motion ( whatever possible ) to find whether hurting is related to vertebral phonograph record ( hurting in forward motion ) , spinal stricture ( hurting in backward motion ) or related to muscle cramp ( hurting in all motions ) . A straight-leg rise ( SLR ) trial besides known as Lasegue ‘s sign/test should be performed to find disc herniation as the cause of low back hurting. The patient should be lying in the supine place on the tabular array with the uninvolved articulatio genus set to 45 & A ; deg ; . The doctor should keep the involved leg directly, hold the heel with the other manus in the dorsiflexed place and gently raise the leg. ( Figure 2 ) The SLR trial is positive if hurting occurs in the distal leg with leg lift between 30 & A ; deg ; and 70 & A ; deg ; . Doctors should besides execute crossed SLR. The trial is positive when the physician lifts the unaffected leg and the hurting radiates below the articulatio genus in the affected leg. All attempts should be made to find the site of nervus root compaction in the lumbar country ( table 6 ) . However, it should be noted that the value of these trials decline with forward age. Figure 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //img.tfd.com/mk/K/X2604-K-05.png Table 6: Signs and symptoms of nervus root compaction. L3 and L4 Decreased strength in quadriceps ( unable to execute extension at the articulatio genus ) Unable to crouch and lift Diminished articulatio genus dork Numbness ( dysesthesias ) over thigh/knee L5 Decreased strength in extensor big toes longus musculus Unable to make list walking Unable to make dorsiflexion of great toe and pes Numbness over large toe and medical pes S1 Decreased strength in toe flexors Unable to make plantar flexure of great toe and pes Unable to walk on toes Numbness over 5th toe and sidelong pes Ankle dork is diminished S2-S4 ( Cauda equina ) Progressive motor or sensory shortage New onset bowel and bladder disfunction Numbness over perineum ( saddle dysesthesia ) Loss of anal sphincter tone What research lab or radiographic testing should I make for low back hurting? Patients with low back hurting of less than six hebdomads continuance should be treated cautiously unless ruddy flags are present.8 There are several laboratory surveies and radiographic trials that are recommended to measure low back hurting. The American College of Radiology has published a guideline to help doctors to find when they need to make imaging for low back pain.9 ( table 7 ) ( Table 8 ) . Table 7: Recommended research lab trials to find cause of low back hurting Erythrocyte deposit rate ( ESR ) C-reactive protein ( CRP ) White blood cell count ( WBC ) Table 8: Recommended Radiographic proving for low back hurting Complain X raies Used to measure for break, malignance, degenerative alterations, disc infinite narrowing and anterior surgery Magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) Without contrast is recommended Used to measure disc herniation, spinal stricture, osteomyelitis, spinal extradural abscess, bone metastases and nervous tubing defects CT scan CT is superior to MRI for sensing of bony abnormalcies, breaks, unnatural aspect articulations, degenerative alterations, and inborn abnormalcies CT is besides superior to kick X raies to observe alterations in sacroiliac articulations of ancylosing spondylitis Myelogram Not routinely recommended Used to measure multiple phonograph record abnormalcies, multilevel radiculopathies or old lumbar surgery Management of ague low back hurting. Numerous interventions have been recommended for ague low back hurting. They have their ain virtues and demerits. It is nevertheless good intelligence for primary and pressing attention suppliers to cognize that the forecast of ague low back hurting is first-class and up to 90 % of patients will better on their own.6 We have summarized different intervention protocols for ague low back hurting in table 9. Table 9: Treatment of ague low back hurting. Bed remainder and alteration of physical activities Bed remainder used to be the criterion of attention for ague low back hurting in the yesteryear. It is recommended now that early ambulation, alteration of physical activities and return to normal activities has better outcomes.9 Tax return to work recommendations should be individualized.10 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Symptoms of low back hurting were improved with NSAIDs compared to placebo after one week11 Recommended for 2-4 hebdomads Doctors should be cognizant of the nephrotoxicity and GI toxicity associated with NSAIDs11 Muscle relaxants Muscle relaxants are more effectual than placebo12 A combination of a musculus relaxant and an NSAID provides effectual symptom control Muscle relaxants are associated with giddiness and sedation12 Opioids Misuse and maltreatment are common with opiates13 Use should be short term and based on clinical judgement Opioids may merely be used at bedtime to restrict side effects Exercise and physical therapy There are conflicting consequences sing the significance of early physical therapy14 Exercise and physical therapy may assist to forestall return of low back hurting Cold and heat There is no grounds that cold or heat benefit low back pain15 Patient instruction Patient instruction is necessary and of import in bettering results Discussion. Uncomplicated ( without ruddy flags ) acute low back hurting is a self- modification status that does non necessitate imagination or research lab surveies. It is our sentiment that suppliers should hold a good apprehension of the anatomy of the dorsum to better evaluate and dainty patients with acute low back hurting. They should besides be argus-eyed to observe ruddy flags associated with the patient ‘s low back hurting. In add-on to the interventions mentioned in table 9, many extra intervention schemes have been recommended for ague low back hurting. These include spinal use, massage and yoga, stylostixis, grip and braces.16,17 Unfortunately, none of these have been shown to better back hurting significantly over placebo. Epidural steroid injections have been used as intervention for low back hurting as good. These injections have merely been shown to better symptoms for a short continuance. They besides have non been shown to be more effectual than systemic cort icosteroids.18,19 In decision, it appears that short term intervention with NSAIDs with or without musculus relaxants and patient instruction are key in the direction of ague low back hurting in pressing attention.